长期以来,经济学家们一直认为激励性政策在实现环保目标方面非常具有效果,例如减少污染排放和促进生态系统服务。在过去几十年间,多国政府加大了对一些政策的力度,试图在环保方面走出一条低成本高效益的道路。这些政策包括绿色税收和排污许可证的交易化。其中一个引人瞩目的例子是欧盟排放贸易体系(EU ETS)针对碳排放开展的行动,另外一个例子是近期才结束的美国二氧化硫信用交易项目。目前,激励政策机制也开始更多地使用在控制污染与保护生物多样性方面。例如所谓的“生态系统服务费”计划(PES),被《欧盟 For a long time, economists have always considered incentive policies to be very effective in achieving environmental goals, such as reducing pollution emissions and promoting ecosystem services. In the past few decades, multi-national governments have stepped up their efforts on some policies and tried to come out with a low-cost and cost-effective approach to environmental protection. These policies include the trading of green taxes and sewerage permits. One of the high-profile examples is the EU ETS action on carbon emissions. Another example is the recently concluded US sulfur dioxide credit trading project. At present, the incentive policy mechanism has also started to be used more in the control of pollution and the conservation of biodiversity. For example, the so-called “ecosystem services fee” program (PES) is "the EU