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利用电场驱动,让分子一个个地穿过一个纳米尺寸的孔洞而产生出电流脉冲响应信号,以此可以对分子计数。但分子识别的关键是选择性,因此纳米孔洞单分子检测是越过了传统上主要以分析物浓度为目标的测定,而在单个分子的检测灵敏度上,进一步提高选择性和识别能力,以及提高分析的通量,这为现代分析科学的发展开辟出了一个新的方向。迄今为止,已经使用了多种材料、采用多种技术来构建纳米孔洞,其中固体材料纳米孔洞显得更有优越性,因为可选的材料门类多,孔洞制作方法和孔洞表面的化学修饰方法也多种多样,还更容易安装使用。纳米孔洞单分子检测不仅能够对分子计数,还能对分子的构像进行识别(例如长度、手性、折叠情况等),特别在DNA和RNA的检测上更是引人注目,最终可能了解分子内部的结构,包括碱基的数量与排列的顺序等。纳米孔洞技术也不仅仅是一种分子传感工具,还可能演进为目的广泛的单分子操作的技术平台。本文从纳米孔洞单分子分析的原理出发,对现在主流的各种蛋白孔洞和固体材料纳米孔洞的制备、修饰与性能,以及在有机小分子、聚合物、蛋白、酶与生物分子复合物等方面的分析应用进行了介绍。
Driven by an electric field, molecules are passed through a nanometer-sized hole to generate a current impulse response signal, allowing the numerator to count. However, the key to molecular recognition is selectivity. Therefore, nanopore single molecule detection is beyond the traditional measurement mainly for the analyte concentration, and further improves the selectivity and recognition ability of single molecule detection sensitivity and improves the analysis This opens up a new direction for the development of modern analytical science. So far, a variety of materials have been used, and a variety of techniques have been used to construct nanopores, of which solid nanopores are more advantageous because of the variety of materials available, the methods of making holes, and the methods of chemical modification of the surface of holes Variety, but also easier to install and use. Nano-hole single molecule detection can not only numerate molecules, but also recognize molecular conformations (eg, length, chirality, folding, etc.), especially in the detection of DNA and RNA. Finally, it is possible to understand the molecular The internal structure, including the number of bases and the order of arrangement. Nanopore technology is more than just a molecular sensing tool, but may also evolve into a broad-based technology platform for single molecule manipulation. Based on the theory of single-molecule analysis of nanopores, this paper reviews the preparation, modification and properties of various kinds of protein pores and solid-state nanopores nowadays, and their applications in organic small molecules, polymers, proteins, enzymes and biomolecular complexes Analysis and application of the introduction.