论文部分内容阅读
Abstract [Objectives] This study was conducted to enrich the plant resource of ornamental vegetables in Kunming. [Methods] 15 leafy vegetables were selected as test materials in this study. This study investigated the biological characteristics of the 15 ornamental vegetables by introduction trial and grey correlation analysis. In addition， we discussed the application of ornamental vegetables in urban agriculture. [Results] The grey correlation values of 11 ornamental vegetables were greater than 0.6. The grey correlation values of other four ornamental vegetables were less than 0.5. Among them， the grey correlation of Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L. was 0.94， which have the highest appreciation evaluation. The second appreciation evaluation belonged to rainbow leafy Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L. with grey correlation of 0.88. [Conclusions] In short， there are nine ornamental vegetables could be applied in the urban agriculture of Kunming， and there are six ornamental vegetables must be further investigated by cultivation experiment， to understand their cultivation characteristics and key points of management.
Key words Ornamental leaf vegetables； Introduction； Grey system； Evaluation； Application
Ornamental vegetables are a class of vegetables which are edible and has ornamental value. Ornamental vegetables are functional vegetables for purposes of food， ornament and greening[1]. They have elegant plant gesture， peculiar shape and gorgeous color， and are a new highlight in vegetable production in the new century， as well as an important constituent part of urban agriculture， leisure agriculture and ecological tourism agriculture. Ornamental vegetables have very high economic benefit， social benefit and ecological benefit[2]. Leafy ornamental vegetables are a class of vegetables with leaf， head， foliage and petiole as products， serving as one important constituent part of ornamental vegetables. They have the advantages of high growth speed， high ornamental value and rich diversity[3]. With rapid development of urban agriculture and urban farm in Kunming， ornamental vegetables exhibit their unique ornamental feature and strong development potential due to higher ornamental value and economic benefit. Rational configuration of ornamental vegetables could enrich garden plant species and scenery in urban agriculture[4]. As early as the 1980s， ornamental vegetables played an important role in leisure agriculture[5]. At present， there are few ornamental vegetable species in Kunming area， which could not play a positive role in urban agriculture and urban farm overall， and many valuable materials and their application need further development. In this study， 15 leafy ornamental vegetables were introduced from breeding mechanisms including Beijing Dongsheng Seed Co.， Ltd.， Shanghai Jiegeng Trade Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Juhong Seedling Technology Co.， Ltd.， Kunming Chunnong Commercial Co.， Ltd.， and Beijing Fengming Yashi Science and Technology Development Co.， Ltd.， their introduction performance and ornamental characteristics in Kunming were observed， mainly including 9 indices such as survival rate， growth status， plant height， ornamental period， leaf color， petiole， odor and ornamental value， and comprehensive evaluation was performed combining grey correlation analysis， so as to screen leafy vegetable varieties suitable for climatic conditions in Kunming. This study will provide reference for the selection of plant resource and characteristic materials for urban agriculture of Kunming City.
Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
On the basis of investigation of ornamental vegetables in Kunming， according to the needs of agricultural development， this study mainly focused on screening of leafy vegetables. From 2015 to 2016， 15 leafy ornamental vegetables were introduced from breeding mechanisms including Beijing Dongsheng Seed Co.， Ltd.， Shanghai Jiegeng Trade Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Juhong Seedling Technology Co.， Ltd.， Kunming Chunnong Commercial Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Fengming Yashi Science and Technology Development Co.， Ltd.， and Beijing Eastern Green Seeds. Trial planting was performed in greenhouse of the training base inside Agricultural College， Kunming University. The sources of varieties are shown in Table 1.
General situation of experimental field
Kunming is located in the middle part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau， at 102°10″-103°40″ E， 24°23″-26°22″ N， belonging to the subtropical zone. However， most areas in Kunming have no hot summer and no cold winter， i.e.， has a typical temperate climate. Kunming has an annual average temperature at 14.5 ℃， the hottest month （July） has the highest average temperature at 19.7 ℃， the coldest month （January） has the lowest average temperature at 7.5 ℃， and the year temperature difference is 12-13 ℃. The annual total precipitation is about 1 03l mm； the relatively humidity is 74%， which is not high； and the annual frost-free season is over 240 d. Throughout the year， there are more sunny days， the sunshine duration is 2 445.6 h per year， and the relative sunshine duration is 56%， providing a superior environment condition for cultivation of ornamental vegetables. The tested soil was red earth representative in the central region of Yunnan Province， with medium fertility， and during field plantation， organic fertilizer and ordinary superphosphate were added at rates of 4 kg/m2 and 100 g/m2， respectively. Experimental methods
The introduction materials were seeds. The seedlings were raised in seedling-raising trays. The substrate was prepared from red soil and turfy soil at a ratio of 3∶2， and added with ordinary superphosphate at a rate of 1 kg/m3. After mixing of fertilizer and soil， the substrate was added into seedling-raising trays. Seeding was performed on September 12， 2015， according to two trays per variety， 32 seeds per tray. Watering was performed after seeding， and the trays were covered with non-woven fabric. After full emergence， the fabric was removed. When each seedlings had 2-3 true leaves， 0.1% urea solution was sprayed for 2-3 times， to supplement seedlings with demanded nutrients. When each seedlings had 4-5 true leaves， strong seedlings were selected to carry out field planting.
The experimental field had an area of 100 m2. The experiment adopted completely randomized design， with three replicates. Each plot was planted with 20 plants. Leafy vegetables commonly have shallow roots， so watering was generally carried out in the morning or evening. Rational fertilization was performed. Leafy vegetables grow vigorously with large demand for fertilizer， so except the application of base fertilizer， topdressing was performed regularly according to growth vigor. Diseases and pests were mainly controlled by biological control， assisted by chemical control. From field planting to maturation， agronomic and ornamental characters including survival rate， growth condition， resistance， ornamental property and ornamental period were observed and recorded[6].
Analysis method
Grey relationship analysis was applied to analyze the observation index values of various varieties[7].
wherein ri is correlation degree.
In order to accurately and scientifically evaluate the ornamental value of leafy ornamental vegetables， on the basis of extensively soliciting opinions of vegetable plantation， ornamental plant and landscaping experts， the evaluation criterions of ornamental vegetable characters were determined （Table 2）， and at least three experts evaluated various indices of each ornamental vegetable[8]. With the tested 15 ornamental vegetables as a grey system and each variety as one element in the system， an ideal variety was created after the standardization and dimensionless treatment[9]. Various indices of the ideal variety used the ideal anticipated values. In this study， the evaluation value of each character was 5， and the correlation degree between the comprehensive character and that of the ideal variety was calculated[10]. Results and Analysis
Biological characters of ornamental vegetables
In the cultivation experiment from September 2015 to May 2016， under normal management， the 15 leafy ornamental vegetables all could adapt to the climate condition in Kunming， but various varieties differed in growth status and ornamental value. A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn. and P. frutescens var. crispa all showed budding and flowering phenomenon at seedling stage in autumn cultivation， resulting in dwarf plants， poor quality and reduced ornamental value. Yang[11] deems that leaf color is an important ornamental index for leafy vegetable， while color is the most attractive， and leaf vegetables with bright color certainly have higher ornamental value[11]. B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， B. xanthins， C. endivia L.， Laetuca Satiuali， Italian purple lettuce， Radioc chiodi Treviso， C. endivia L. and purple crystal N01 pakchoi all exhibited higher ornamental value in leaf shape， leaf color， petiole color and plant shape. E. sativ Mill.， Radioc chiodi Treviso， Italian purple lettuce and Purple crystal N01 pakchoi suffered from diseases and pests， and further observation is required. In addition， N. cataria L. has unique cool and refreshing aroma， and its plant is straight， short， conical， with very high ornamental value.
Evaluation of ornamental value
According to the evaluation criterions in Table 2， the characters of the 15 ornamental vegetables were evaluated， and the higher the value， the better the character[12]. The results are shown in Table 4.
It could be seen from the correlation degree in Table 4 that the 15 leafy ornamental vegetables ranked according to correlation degree as B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.>Rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.>B. xanthins>purple crystal N01 pakchoi>Italian purple lettuce>Laetuca Satiuali>C. endivia L.>Radioc chiodi Treviso>E. sativ Mill.>C. endivia L.>O. basilicum>A. mangostanus L.>N. cataria L.>P. frutescens var. crispa>P. oleracea Linn. There were 11 varieties with correlation degree values higher than 0.6. Among them， the correlation degree of B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L. was 0.94， showing the highest ornamental value； the second was Rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L. with a correlation degree of 0.88， and B. xanthins， purple crystal N01 pakchoi， Italian purple lettuce， Laetuca Satiuali， C. endivia L. and Radioc chiodi Treviso showed correlation degree values higher than 0.7， indicating that these varieties also have very good ornamental value； and the correlation degree values of A. mangostanus L.， N. cataria L.， P. frutescens var. crispa and P. oleracea Linn were 0.50， 0.46， 0.44 and 0.43， respectively， and as their evaluation indices were remarkably lower than other varieties， their ornamental value needs further observation. Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
（1） In the introduction experiment， among the 15 ornamental vegetables， N. cataria L.， A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn.， P. frutescens var. crispa and E. sativ Mill all flowered in phenological period， and the flower rates of A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa reached 100%. It could be seen from observation records of the morphological characteristics and ornamental characteristics that N. cataria L.， A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum and P. oleracea Linn. had the ornamental characteristics of short plant and short growth cycle due to the flowering phenomenon at seedling stage.
The reason might be that the experiment was carried out in autumn and winter， though plantation was performed in facility greenhouse， vegetables were also greatly affected by climatic conditions. The flower rates of A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa reached 100%， indicating that A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa are not suitable for cultivation in autumn and winter in Kunming， and study on cultivation adaptability could be further conducted in other seasons.
（2） In this introduction experiment， ornamental vegetables were planted according to the biological nature of ordinary vegetables and local climatic characteristics， mainly in greenhouse， and the effects of different cultivation seasons and different cultivation methods on ornamental value and ornament period were not investigated. Meanwhile， more characters should be analyzed， including suitable sowing time， cultivation season， special cultivation technique， resistance， flower season， adaptability and landscape architecture. Further study on these aspects should be strengthened in future， so as to select better ornamental vegetable varieties with higher value for urban agricultural development in Kunming.
（3） Visual observation was adopted in this study. Though visual observation has certain subjectivity， it could not be replaced by other methods because it is simple， fast and effective. In future， the selection of ornamental vegetables should be carried out rationally according to natural conditions of cultivation areas.
Conclusions
Comprehensively， on the basis of ensuring yield， quality and ornamental value， according to the results of grey correlation analysis， B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， B. xanthins， C. endivia L.， Laetuca Satiuali， Italian purple lettuce， Radioc chiodi Treviso， purple crystal N01 pakchoi， E. sativ Mill. and C. endivia L. could be selected and planted in Kunming when giving full play to their ornamental function in urban agriculture. A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn.， and P. frutescens var. crispa could be further experimentally observed. References
[1] PIAO YJ， LIU RY. Study on classification and garden application form of ornamental vegetables and[J]. Technology & Market： Landscape Engineer， 2005： 48-50. （in Chinese）
[2] XIA CS. Everyone could plant ornamental vegetables[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2004. （in Chinese）
[3] LIANG L， HE Y， ZHU ZJ. Preliminary Studies on the Application of Ornamental Leafy Vegetables in Yard[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences， 2011， 02： 301-304. （in Chinese）
[4] LIN HJ， ZHAO XH. Investigation on the Application of Ornamental Vegetables in Landscape in Kunming[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences， 2011， （39）14： 8242-8243+8323. （in Chinese）
[5] SHAO GR， CHEN WH， FANG SG. Ornamental vegetables and its role in tourism agriculture[C]//Proceedings of session of improving overall agricultural productivity in Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone， The 5th Annual Science Scholar Conference， Fugjian Association for Science and Technology. Society of Agronomy in Fujian Province： 2005： 3. （in Chinese）
[6] LUO CP， ZHAI Q， LI JW. Analysis on Fluctuant Features and Influential Factors of Vegetable Price Based on Time Series Data[J]. Journal of Southwest University： Natural Science Edition， 2013， 35（4）： 26-31. （in Chinese）
[7] ZHANG DK. Relation degree analysis on 9 ornamental turf varieties cultivated in Wuwei prefecture[J]. Pratacultural Science， 2005（22）： 7. （in Chinese）
[8] JAMES TC， JANET CC. Ornamental grass growth response tothree shade intensities[J].J Environ Hort， 2000， 18（1）： 18-22. （in Chinese）
[8] DENG JL. Basic method of grey system[M]. Wuhan： Huazhong University of Science & Technology Press， 1987： 18-30. （in Chinese）
[10] WU JY， TENG WJ， WANG QH， et al. Evaluation of Growth and Ornamental Value for Introduced Perennial Ornamental Grass in Beijing[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica， 2006， 33（5）： 1145-1148. （in Chinese）
[11] YANG XH. Research on germplasm resources of ornamental vegetables and its development and utilization[D]. Wuhan： Huazhong Agricultural University， 2004. （in Chinese）
[12] YU HX， XIAO J， TIAN JC， et al. Association Analysis and Its Application in Plant Genetic Research[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology， 2009， 28（1）： 187-194. （in Chinese）
Key words Ornamental leaf vegetables； Introduction； Grey system； Evaluation； Application
Ornamental vegetables are a class of vegetables which are edible and has ornamental value. Ornamental vegetables are functional vegetables for purposes of food， ornament and greening[1]. They have elegant plant gesture， peculiar shape and gorgeous color， and are a new highlight in vegetable production in the new century， as well as an important constituent part of urban agriculture， leisure agriculture and ecological tourism agriculture. Ornamental vegetables have very high economic benefit， social benefit and ecological benefit[2]. Leafy ornamental vegetables are a class of vegetables with leaf， head， foliage and petiole as products， serving as one important constituent part of ornamental vegetables. They have the advantages of high growth speed， high ornamental value and rich diversity[3]. With rapid development of urban agriculture and urban farm in Kunming， ornamental vegetables exhibit their unique ornamental feature and strong development potential due to higher ornamental value and economic benefit. Rational configuration of ornamental vegetables could enrich garden plant species and scenery in urban agriculture[4]. As early as the 1980s， ornamental vegetables played an important role in leisure agriculture[5]. At present， there are few ornamental vegetable species in Kunming area， which could not play a positive role in urban agriculture and urban farm overall， and many valuable materials and their application need further development. In this study， 15 leafy ornamental vegetables were introduced from breeding mechanisms including Beijing Dongsheng Seed Co.， Ltd.， Shanghai Jiegeng Trade Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Juhong Seedling Technology Co.， Ltd.， Kunming Chunnong Commercial Co.， Ltd.， and Beijing Fengming Yashi Science and Technology Development Co.， Ltd.， their introduction performance and ornamental characteristics in Kunming were observed， mainly including 9 indices such as survival rate， growth status， plant height， ornamental period， leaf color， petiole， odor and ornamental value， and comprehensive evaluation was performed combining grey correlation analysis， so as to screen leafy vegetable varieties suitable for climatic conditions in Kunming. This study will provide reference for the selection of plant resource and characteristic materials for urban agriculture of Kunming City.
Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
On the basis of investigation of ornamental vegetables in Kunming， according to the needs of agricultural development， this study mainly focused on screening of leafy vegetables. From 2015 to 2016， 15 leafy ornamental vegetables were introduced from breeding mechanisms including Beijing Dongsheng Seed Co.， Ltd.， Shanghai Jiegeng Trade Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Juhong Seedling Technology Co.， Ltd.， Kunming Chunnong Commercial Co.， Ltd.， Beijing Fengming Yashi Science and Technology Development Co.， Ltd.， and Beijing Eastern Green Seeds. Trial planting was performed in greenhouse of the training base inside Agricultural College， Kunming University. The sources of varieties are shown in Table 1.
General situation of experimental field
Kunming is located in the middle part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau， at 102°10″-103°40″ E， 24°23″-26°22″ N， belonging to the subtropical zone. However， most areas in Kunming have no hot summer and no cold winter， i.e.， has a typical temperate climate. Kunming has an annual average temperature at 14.5 ℃， the hottest month （July） has the highest average temperature at 19.7 ℃， the coldest month （January） has the lowest average temperature at 7.5 ℃， and the year temperature difference is 12-13 ℃. The annual total precipitation is about 1 03l mm； the relatively humidity is 74%， which is not high； and the annual frost-free season is over 240 d. Throughout the year， there are more sunny days， the sunshine duration is 2 445.6 h per year， and the relative sunshine duration is 56%， providing a superior environment condition for cultivation of ornamental vegetables. The tested soil was red earth representative in the central region of Yunnan Province， with medium fertility， and during field plantation， organic fertilizer and ordinary superphosphate were added at rates of 4 kg/m2 and 100 g/m2， respectively. Experimental methods
The introduction materials were seeds. The seedlings were raised in seedling-raising trays. The substrate was prepared from red soil and turfy soil at a ratio of 3∶2， and added with ordinary superphosphate at a rate of 1 kg/m3. After mixing of fertilizer and soil， the substrate was added into seedling-raising trays. Seeding was performed on September 12， 2015， according to two trays per variety， 32 seeds per tray. Watering was performed after seeding， and the trays were covered with non-woven fabric. After full emergence， the fabric was removed. When each seedlings had 2-3 true leaves， 0.1% urea solution was sprayed for 2-3 times， to supplement seedlings with demanded nutrients. When each seedlings had 4-5 true leaves， strong seedlings were selected to carry out field planting.
The experimental field had an area of 100 m2. The experiment adopted completely randomized design， with three replicates. Each plot was planted with 20 plants. Leafy vegetables commonly have shallow roots， so watering was generally carried out in the morning or evening. Rational fertilization was performed. Leafy vegetables grow vigorously with large demand for fertilizer， so except the application of base fertilizer， topdressing was performed regularly according to growth vigor. Diseases and pests were mainly controlled by biological control， assisted by chemical control. From field planting to maturation， agronomic and ornamental characters including survival rate， growth condition， resistance， ornamental property and ornamental period were observed and recorded[6].
Analysis method
Grey relationship analysis was applied to analyze the observation index values of various varieties[7].
wherein ri is correlation degree.
In order to accurately and scientifically evaluate the ornamental value of leafy ornamental vegetables， on the basis of extensively soliciting opinions of vegetable plantation， ornamental plant and landscaping experts， the evaluation criterions of ornamental vegetable characters were determined （Table 2）， and at least three experts evaluated various indices of each ornamental vegetable[8]. With the tested 15 ornamental vegetables as a grey system and each variety as one element in the system， an ideal variety was created after the standardization and dimensionless treatment[9]. Various indices of the ideal variety used the ideal anticipated values. In this study， the evaluation value of each character was 5， and the correlation degree between the comprehensive character and that of the ideal variety was calculated[10]. Results and Analysis
Biological characters of ornamental vegetables
In the cultivation experiment from September 2015 to May 2016， under normal management， the 15 leafy ornamental vegetables all could adapt to the climate condition in Kunming， but various varieties differed in growth status and ornamental value. A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn. and P. frutescens var. crispa all showed budding and flowering phenomenon at seedling stage in autumn cultivation， resulting in dwarf plants， poor quality and reduced ornamental value. Yang[11] deems that leaf color is an important ornamental index for leafy vegetable， while color is the most attractive， and leaf vegetables with bright color certainly have higher ornamental value[11]. B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， B. xanthins， C. endivia L.， Laetuca Satiuali， Italian purple lettuce， Radioc chiodi Treviso， C. endivia L. and purple crystal N01 pakchoi all exhibited higher ornamental value in leaf shape， leaf color， petiole color and plant shape. E. sativ Mill.， Radioc chiodi Treviso， Italian purple lettuce and Purple crystal N01 pakchoi suffered from diseases and pests， and further observation is required. In addition， N. cataria L. has unique cool and refreshing aroma， and its plant is straight， short， conical， with very high ornamental value.
Evaluation of ornamental value
According to the evaluation criterions in Table 2， the characters of the 15 ornamental vegetables were evaluated， and the higher the value， the better the character[12]. The results are shown in Table 4.
It could be seen from the correlation degree in Table 4 that the 15 leafy ornamental vegetables ranked according to correlation degree as B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.>Rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.>B. xanthins>purple crystal N01 pakchoi>Italian purple lettuce>Laetuca Satiuali>C. endivia L.>Radioc chiodi Treviso>E. sativ Mill.>C. endivia L.>O. basilicum>A. mangostanus L.>N. cataria L.>P. frutescens var. crispa>P. oleracea Linn. There were 11 varieties with correlation degree values higher than 0.6. Among them， the correlation degree of B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L. was 0.94， showing the highest ornamental value； the second was Rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L. with a correlation degree of 0.88， and B. xanthins， purple crystal N01 pakchoi， Italian purple lettuce， Laetuca Satiuali， C. endivia L. and Radioc chiodi Treviso showed correlation degree values higher than 0.7， indicating that these varieties also have very good ornamental value； and the correlation degree values of A. mangostanus L.， N. cataria L.， P. frutescens var. crispa and P. oleracea Linn were 0.50， 0.46， 0.44 and 0.43， respectively， and as their evaluation indices were remarkably lower than other varieties， their ornamental value needs further observation. Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
（1） In the introduction experiment， among the 15 ornamental vegetables， N. cataria L.， A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn.， P. frutescens var. crispa and E. sativ Mill all flowered in phenological period， and the flower rates of A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa reached 100%. It could be seen from observation records of the morphological characteristics and ornamental characteristics that N. cataria L.， A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum and P. oleracea Linn. had the ornamental characteristics of short plant and short growth cycle due to the flowering phenomenon at seedling stage.
The reason might be that the experiment was carried out in autumn and winter， though plantation was performed in facility greenhouse， vegetables were also greatly affected by climatic conditions. The flower rates of A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa reached 100%， indicating that A. mangostanus L. and P. frutescens var. crispa are not suitable for cultivation in autumn and winter in Kunming， and study on cultivation adaptability could be further conducted in other seasons.
（2） In this introduction experiment， ornamental vegetables were planted according to the biological nature of ordinary vegetables and local climatic characteristics， mainly in greenhouse， and the effects of different cultivation seasons and different cultivation methods on ornamental value and ornament period were not investigated. Meanwhile， more characters should be analyzed， including suitable sowing time， cultivation season， special cultivation technique， resistance， flower season， adaptability and landscape architecture. Further study on these aspects should be strengthened in future， so as to select better ornamental vegetable varieties with higher value for urban agricultural development in Kunming.
（3） Visual observation was adopted in this study. Though visual observation has certain subjectivity， it could not be replaced by other methods because it is simple， fast and effective. In future， the selection of ornamental vegetables should be carried out rationally according to natural conditions of cultivation areas.
Conclusions
Comprehensively， on the basis of ensuring yield， quality and ornamental value， according to the results of grey correlation analysis， B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， rainbow leafy B. vulgaris L. var. cicla L.， B. xanthins， C. endivia L.， Laetuca Satiuali， Italian purple lettuce， Radioc chiodi Treviso， purple crystal N01 pakchoi， E. sativ Mill. and C. endivia L. could be selected and planted in Kunming when giving full play to their ornamental function in urban agriculture. A. mangostanus L.， O. basilicum， P. oleracea Linn.， and P. frutescens var. crispa could be further experimentally observed. References
[1] PIAO YJ， LIU RY. Study on classification and garden application form of ornamental vegetables and[J]. Technology & Market： Landscape Engineer， 2005： 48-50. （in Chinese）
[2] XIA CS. Everyone could plant ornamental vegetables[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2004. （in Chinese）
[3] LIANG L， HE Y， ZHU ZJ. Preliminary Studies on the Application of Ornamental Leafy Vegetables in Yard[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences， 2011， 02： 301-304. （in Chinese）
[4] LIN HJ， ZHAO XH. Investigation on the Application of Ornamental Vegetables in Landscape in Kunming[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences， 2011， （39）14： 8242-8243+8323. （in Chinese）
[5] SHAO GR， CHEN WH， FANG SG. Ornamental vegetables and its role in tourism agriculture[C]//Proceedings of session of improving overall agricultural productivity in Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone， The 5th Annual Science Scholar Conference， Fugjian Association for Science and Technology. Society of Agronomy in Fujian Province： 2005： 3. （in Chinese）
[6] LUO CP， ZHAI Q， LI JW. Analysis on Fluctuant Features and Influential Factors of Vegetable Price Based on Time Series Data[J]. Journal of Southwest University： Natural Science Edition， 2013， 35（4）： 26-31. （in Chinese）
[7] ZHANG DK. Relation degree analysis on 9 ornamental turf varieties cultivated in Wuwei prefecture[J]. Pratacultural Science， 2005（22）： 7. （in Chinese）
[8] JAMES TC， JANET CC. Ornamental grass growth response tothree shade intensities[J].J Environ Hort， 2000， 18（1）： 18-22. （in Chinese）
[8] DENG JL. Basic method of grey system[M]. Wuhan： Huazhong University of Science & Technology Press， 1987： 18-30. （in Chinese）
[10] WU JY， TENG WJ， WANG QH， et al. Evaluation of Growth and Ornamental Value for Introduced Perennial Ornamental Grass in Beijing[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica， 2006， 33（5）： 1145-1148. （in Chinese）
[11] YANG XH. Research on germplasm resources of ornamental vegetables and its development and utilization[D]. Wuhan： Huazhong Agricultural University， 2004. （in Chinese）
[12] YU HX， XIAO J， TIAN JC， et al. Association Analysis and Its Application in Plant Genetic Research[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology， 2009， 28（1）： 187-194. （in Chinese）