1952年,美国人类学家克罗伯(A.L.Kroeber)和克拉克洪(C.Kluckhohn)合著的《文化:关于概念和定义的探索》一书中,列举了从1871年至1951年这80年间,关于文化的定义,竟有161种之多。尽管关于文化概念的讨论各家相争,诸说并存,但总的趋势是向着两个方向在发展:一个是广义的,另一个是狭义的。前者将人类所创造的一切都视为文化,它涉及人类整个活动方式及其成果的总和,包括物质 In 1952, “Anthropology: An Exploration of Concepts and Definitions,” co-authored by American anthropologist AL Keroeber and C. Kluckhohn, cites the 80 years from 1871 to 1951 , As many as 161 kinds of definition of culture. Although the discussion on the concept of culture contends with each other, all the while coexisting, the general trend is to develop in two directions: one is generalized and the other is narrowly defined. The former treats everything created by humankind as culture, which involves the totality of human activities as a whole and its outcomes, including material