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The Science Policy Briefing on male reproductive health published by the authoritative European Science Foundation (ESF) in 2010 echoes the views expressed in the famous paper by Carlsen et al.,suggesting that mean sperm counts decreased by 50%.The authors are convinced that the male reproductive system in industrialized countries is under attack from environmental chemicals.This may have farreaching consequences for the reproductive capacity of future generations.Their arguments,however,contain some misconceptions about declining sperm quality and fertility.Although there is reason for concern about the effect of environmental pollution,the authors\' pessimism is not justified.