In this study, all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originates from a singularity at the centre of the universe. The electron and the atom are
Fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is investigated by employing normal electrons and the fundamental Hamiltonian without any quasi particle. There are variou
The constraints on the number of neutrinos generations, g'1 coupling and Z?- Z′ mixing angle through the invisible width method, and in the framework of a
The vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). As distinguis