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高考英语词汇单选题旨在考查学生在综合的语言环境中对基本词汇的运用能力。为了考查学生观察问题、分析问题的能力,高考题中所有的词汇考查都设置在特定的语境中进行,要求考生区分单词的使用范围,而且一些重要的信息隐含在语境之中。通过设置情景,将知识的考查与语言意义的考查有机地结合起来,实现了知识与能力综合测试的目标。在特定的语境中对词汇进行考查,增加了试题难度。因此,考生必须具有综合运用语言的能力。答题时必须读完全部信息,利用特定的语境来分析题目,选出正确答案。现结合高考试题对词汇题的考查方式分析归纳,以期对同学们有所帮助。
一、多义词辨析
考例:
1. Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more ____________to, and more easily troubled by, emotional and relationship problems.
(2009江苏卷)
A. sceptical B. addicted
C. available D. sensitive
2. It was a nice house, but ____________ too small for a family of five.(2009天津卷)
A. rarely B. fairly
C. rather D. pretty
3. —Shall we go out for a walk?
—Sorry. This is not the right____________ toinvite me. I am too tired to walk.(2008江西卷)
A. moment B. situation
C. place D. chance
4. As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ____________ the problem.(2008湖北卷)
A. handle B. raise
C. face D. present
答案解析:
1. D。考查不同形容词的词义辨析及固定搭配。be sceptical about ... “持怀疑态度的;不相信的”;be addicted to ... “对……痴迷的;上瘾的”;available“可获得的;可利用的”;be sensitive to ... “对……敏感的”。从句意可判断D项为正确答案。
2. C。考查不同副词词义的辨析。rarely“很少”;fairly“相当地”;rather“相当地”;pretty“很”。只有rather可以与比较级,too及动词连用。
3. A。考查不同名词的词义辨析。Moment“某一时刻;时机;机会”;situation“形势;情况;状况”;place“地方”;chance“机会;机遇”。从句意可知A项正确。
4. A。考查不同动词词义的辨析。handle“应付(困难局面);处理(难题)”;raise“举起;抬高;抬起;升高;养育;抚养”;face“面对;面临”;present“给予;赠送;呈现;展现;引起;造成;提出;陈述;介绍”。句意“这里没有人知道机器出了什么毛病,我们必须派一个工程师去解决问题。”
解题思路:
1. 命题者主要是从动词,形容词,副词,名词,连词等方面来设计题目,因此对大纲中所要求的重要词汇一定要掌握得非常彻底全面,在此基础上也要不断地扩大自己的阅读量,做到勤记诵,常运用,多积累。
2. 根据题干所给的条件,体会句子的含义,在体会含义的基础上,恰当地选择正确的词汇,对词义进行辨析。但我们应懂得,词的深层含义往往是只可意会的,需要根据语境来不断地体会。因此我们应该抓住题中关键词句所传递的重要信息,把语法和词义辨析放在语境中进行分析。
3. 固定句型如“I would appreciate it if you ...; When it comes to ...; It’s convenient to sb”及短语搭配的考查。如“be + 形容词 + to / for / in / about ...;be out of +名词”等。
4. 有时为了对比较级进行突出和强调,在其前或其后加上修饰语,可以使比较级更为突出和鲜明,常修饰比较级的词和短语有: even甚至 / 更, still更, much更, a little 有点, a lot很, a bit有点, a great deal大量的, far 更, by far ...得多, any 在任何程度上 / 丝毫,rather颇 / 更。
5. 近几年在连词的考查上要区分“It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + since从句;It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + before从句;It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + when从句”等热点句型的含义及其用法。
二、 一词多义
考例:
1. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to ____________ them hard. (2009全 国卷I)
A. draw B. strike
C. rush D. push
2. Just as professor Scotti often____________ it, success is ninety-nine percent mental attitude.(2009安徽卷)
A. getsB. makesC. puts D. means
3. Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ____________ the traditional customs. (2008湖北卷)
A. perform B. possess
C. observe D. support
4. The final score of the basketball matchwas 93-94. We were only ____________ beaten.(2007天津卷)
A. nearly B. slightly
C. narrowly D. lightly
5. —Can he take charge of the computer company?
—I’m afraid it’s ____________ his ability. (2006 四川卷)
A. beyond B. within
C. of D. to
答案解析:
1. D。考查push“逼迫;催逼;促使”的词义,而不是常见的“推;推动 / 挤”的意义。如:Her parents pushed her into marrying that lawyer.她父母硬逼她嫁给那个律师。
2. C。put在这个句中不是表“把……放在;放置”的意思,而是“说;表达 / 表述”的意义。如:
We are going to have to work very hard, but as Chris put it, there’s no gain without pain.我们不得不努力工作,就像克里斯说的那样,不劳则无获。
3. C。observe不是常见的“观察;观测;注意到”,而是“遵守;奉行(法律,协议或习俗)”的意思。如: People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception.人们必须遵纪守法,谁都不应该例外。
4. C。narrowly 在此不是表常见的“狭窄地”意思,而是表不常见的“勉强地,差一点儿”的意思。句意:最后比分为93比94,他们以微弱的优势险胜我们。
5. A。beyond用作介词表“在(向)……那边”常见词义;不常见的词义为“超出(某个数量 / 限度);超越(某人的能力、权利、范围等)”。
解题思路:
英语中许多单词,在不同的语境中有着不同的含义。特别是一些常用词,我们或多或少忽视了他们的不常用的词条词义。这就要求我们在学习词汇时,通过平时的点滴积累和补充,归纳和总结,把词义掌握全面,从而提高解题和阅读的效率。
三、 同 / 近义词或形近词辨析
1. Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be ____________ to the kids. (2009江西卷)
A. accessible B. relative
C. acceptable D. sensitive
2. —Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?
—Excellent! Alex and Andy performed____________and won the first prize.(2008安徽卷)
A. skillfully B. commonly
C. willingly D. nervously
3. —You are always full of____________ . Can youtell me the secret?
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.(2007福建卷)
A. power B. strength
C. force D. energy
4. A new ____________ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. (2007天津卷)
A. normal B. usual
C. regular D. common
答案解析:
1. A。考查以-ible, -ive或-able结尾的形容词的辨析。accessible表示“可使用的,可接近的”;relative“相对的;比较的;与……有关的”;acceptable“可接受的;令人满意的”;sensitive“敏感的”。
2. A。考查加-ly后缀构成的副词辨析。Skillfully“熟练地;有技巧地”;commonly“一般地;通常;由大多数人……地”;willingly“乐意地”;nervously“紧张地;焦虑不安地”。
3. D。energy意为“能量;能源;精力”;power可指“动力,思维能力,权力等各种力量或能力”; force指物理学意义上的力,也指为做成某事而使用的力量,还常指武力; strength意为“力气;体力;力量”,指承受或抗拒某一事物所固有的“能力”,引申为“强度”。根据答语taking plenty of exercise everyday可知上句是 “你总是精力充沛”。
4. C。normal 是 “(几乎) 所有人或事物为共同的, 常见的, 普通的”; usual “与过去的经验或习惯有关”; normal “正常的; 通常的;一般的;正规的”;regular表“规则的;有规律的;固定的;正式的”。 句意:一种新的通往天津机场的定期班车两个月前开始运行。公汽开往机场的时间是固定的,故C正确。
解题思路:
1. 按照题意分析各选项,找出同 / 近义词之间的差异,弄清每个词可特指什么;考虑每个备选项是否还有其它不同的意义可用于题干句,不要拘泥于同 / 近义词的意义。
2. 充分考虑备选项各词汇与题干句中某些词语是否能构成固定句型、固定搭配、习惯用法,以便更加快捷而又准确地解答。
3. 备选项中也会出现这种情形,即四个选项在意义上或构词上很接近,但算不上同 / 近义词,这就需要仔细辨别它们的意义,结合题干句意确定正确的选项。
【巩固练习】
1. After graduation, I hoped that the first job would lay the ____________ for the developmentof my future career.
A. foundation B. structure
C. environment D. arrangement
2. All members agreed to sign a trade agreement that would bring the lasting____________to the developing countries.
A. elements B. beliefs
C. supports D. benefits
3. Generally speaking, a successfulbusinessman knows how to ____________ achance to develop and expand his businessat any time.
A. makeB. takeC. graspD. catch
4. Please don’t ____________ to contact me if you want to know about more detailed information about this terrible accident.
A. determine B. hesitate
C. attempt D. require
5. When you fill in the application form,please take your____________address and phonenumber so that we can contact you easily.
A. permanent B. unique
C. independent D. separate
6. I’m sorry I’ve forgotten to phone you. I’vebeen ____________ busy this week.
A. obviously B. properly
C. incredibily D. constantly
7. The authorities have made a major ____________ in looking into the XiangFen coal accident which happened in Shanxi province.
A. influence B. breakthrough
C. achievement D. consequence
8. How can we account for the ____________ of the League of Nations to achieve peace in Europe?
A. progress B. element
C. concern D. failure
9. —I heard you’re flying to Japan again.
—Yeah, my boss ____________ for me to discusscontract details with representatives fromthe famous company.
A. arranged B. appealed
C. applied D. acquired
10. The ambitious girl from the poor family has ____________ all of the goals she set for herself in university and is ready for the new challenges and opportunities in society.
A. realised B. created
C. achieved D. established
11. A recent survey shows that the Goldenweek holiday is the ____________ choice for awedding in China.
A. perfect B. conscious
C. normal D. available
12. It’s becoming____________ clear that this social problem will not be easily solved in the present situation.
A. completely B. regularly
C. increasingly D. ocassionally
13. All players attending the Spoken English Contest held by CCTV____________considerable skills in their performances.
A. displayed B. applied
C. resisted D. supported
14. The survey results from Oxford university seem to ____________ a connection between poor housing conditions and bad health.
A. indicate B. prove
C. state D. establish
15. Creative thinking is a ____________ effort to break away from old thought patterns in order to explore new possibilities.
A. generous B. dangerous
C. various D. conscious
Keys:
1. A。lay the foundation for(of) sth.“为……打下(奠定)基础”
2. D。句意“所有成员同意签订一个将给发展中国家带来持久利益的贸易协议。Benefit(好处 / 利益)符合题意。
3. C。grasp a chance “抓住机会”;take a chance “冒险”。
4. B。hesitate to do sth.“不愿做某事;对做某事有顾虑”;determine to do sth.“决定 / 决心做某事”;attempt to so sth.“尝试做某事”;require sb to do sth“要求 / 规定某人做某事”。
5. A。permanent“永久的;永恒的;长久的;固定的”; unique“独特的;惟一的”;independent“独立的”;separate“分开的;不相连的;各自的;不一样的”。
6. C。obviously“明显地;显而易见地;明白地”;properly“适当地;合适地”;incredibly“极端地;非常地;难以置信地”;constantly“持续不断地;经常地”。
7. B。考查固定搭配。 make a major breakthrough in ...“在……方面取得重大突破”。
8. D。名词词义辨析。progress “进步;进展;改进”;element“元素;要素”;concern“担心;忧虑;焦急”;failure“失败;失败的人或事”。句意:我们怎么解释国际联盟为何无法在欧洲实现和平呢?
9. A。arrange for sb to do sth “安排某人做某事”。arrange “安排;筹划”;appeal“恳请;恳求;呼吁;吸引”;apply“申请;运用;应用;适用于;有效”;acquire“掌握;获得”。
10. C。固定搭配考查。achieve one’s goals / aims / purpose “实现目标 / 达到目的”。
11. A。形容词词义辨析。perfect“完美的;最佳的;理想的;最合适不过的”;conscious “清醒的;有意的;意识到的”;normal“正常的”;available“可利用的;可达到的;有效的”。
12. C。句意:越来越明显这个社会问题在目前这种情况下很难解决。completely “完全地;彻底地;全部地”;regularly“有规律地;定期地”;increasingly“不断增加地;越来越多地”;occasionally“偶然地;偶尔地”。
13. A。display “展示;陈列;显示(信息);显露(情感、态度或才能)”;apply“运用;应用”;resist“抵抗;对抗”;support“支持;供养;支撑”。
14. A。句意:“调查结果表明糟糕的居住环境与健康存在一定的关联。”indicate“表明;表示;预示;象征”。
15. D。考查固定搭配。a conscious effort / decision / attempt“有意作出的努力 / 决定 / 尝试”。Conscious“有意识的;注意到的;清醒的;有知觉的”。
一、多义词辨析
考例:
1. Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more ____________to, and more easily troubled by, emotional and relationship problems.
(2009江苏卷)
A. sceptical B. addicted
C. available D. sensitive
2. It was a nice house, but ____________ too small for a family of five.(2009天津卷)
A. rarely B. fairly
C. rather D. pretty
3. —Shall we go out for a walk?
—Sorry. This is not the right____________ toinvite me. I am too tired to walk.(2008江西卷)
A. moment B. situation
C. place D. chance
4. As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ____________ the problem.(2008湖北卷)
A. handle B. raise
C. face D. present
答案解析:
1. D。考查不同形容词的词义辨析及固定搭配。be sceptical about ... “持怀疑态度的;不相信的”;be addicted to ... “对……痴迷的;上瘾的”;available“可获得的;可利用的”;be sensitive to ... “对……敏感的”。从句意可判断D项为正确答案。
2. C。考查不同副词词义的辨析。rarely“很少”;fairly“相当地”;rather“相当地”;pretty“很”。只有rather可以与比较级,too及动词连用。
3. A。考查不同名词的词义辨析。Moment“某一时刻;时机;机会”;situation“形势;情况;状况”;place“地方”;chance“机会;机遇”。从句意可知A项正确。
4. A。考查不同动词词义的辨析。handle“应付(困难局面);处理(难题)”;raise“举起;抬高;抬起;升高;养育;抚养”;face“面对;面临”;present“给予;赠送;呈现;展现;引起;造成;提出;陈述;介绍”。句意“这里没有人知道机器出了什么毛病,我们必须派一个工程师去解决问题。”
解题思路:
1. 命题者主要是从动词,形容词,副词,名词,连词等方面来设计题目,因此对大纲中所要求的重要词汇一定要掌握得非常彻底全面,在此基础上也要不断地扩大自己的阅读量,做到勤记诵,常运用,多积累。
2. 根据题干所给的条件,体会句子的含义,在体会含义的基础上,恰当地选择正确的词汇,对词义进行辨析。但我们应懂得,词的深层含义往往是只可意会的,需要根据语境来不断地体会。因此我们应该抓住题中关键词句所传递的重要信息,把语法和词义辨析放在语境中进行分析。
3. 固定句型如“I would appreciate it if you ...; When it comes to ...; It’s convenient to sb”及短语搭配的考查。如“be + 形容词 + to / for / in / about ...;be out of +名词”等。
4. 有时为了对比较级进行突出和强调,在其前或其后加上修饰语,可以使比较级更为突出和鲜明,常修饰比较级的词和短语有: even甚至 / 更, still更, much更, a little 有点, a lot很, a bit有点, a great deal大量的, far 更, by far ...得多, any 在任何程度上 / 丝毫,rather颇 / 更。
5. 近几年在连词的考查上要区分“It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + since从句;It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + before从句;It + be的适当形式 + 时间 + when从句”等热点句型的含义及其用法。
二、 一词多义
考例:
1. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to ____________ them hard. (2009全 国卷I)
A. draw B. strike
C. rush D. push
2. Just as professor Scotti often____________ it, success is ninety-nine percent mental attitude.(2009安徽卷)
A. getsB. makesC. puts D. means
3. Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ____________ the traditional customs. (2008湖北卷)
A. perform B. possess
C. observe D. support
4. The final score of the basketball matchwas 93-94. We were only ____________ beaten.(2007天津卷)
A. nearly B. slightly
C. narrowly D. lightly
5. —Can he take charge of the computer company?
—I’m afraid it’s ____________ his ability. (2006 四川卷)
A. beyond B. within
C. of D. to
答案解析:
1. D。考查push“逼迫;催逼;促使”的词义,而不是常见的“推;推动 / 挤”的意义。如:Her parents pushed her into marrying that lawyer.她父母硬逼她嫁给那个律师。
2. C。put在这个句中不是表“把……放在;放置”的意思,而是“说;表达 / 表述”的意义。如:
We are going to have to work very hard, but as Chris put it, there’s no gain without pain.我们不得不努力工作,就像克里斯说的那样,不劳则无获。
3. C。observe不是常见的“观察;观测;注意到”,而是“遵守;奉行(法律,协议或习俗)”的意思。如: People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception.人们必须遵纪守法,谁都不应该例外。
4. C。narrowly 在此不是表常见的“狭窄地”意思,而是表不常见的“勉强地,差一点儿”的意思。句意:最后比分为93比94,他们以微弱的优势险胜我们。
5. A。beyond用作介词表“在(向)……那边”常见词义;不常见的词义为“超出(某个数量 / 限度);超越(某人的能力、权利、范围等)”。
解题思路:
英语中许多单词,在不同的语境中有着不同的含义。特别是一些常用词,我们或多或少忽视了他们的不常用的词条词义。这就要求我们在学习词汇时,通过平时的点滴积累和补充,归纳和总结,把词义掌握全面,从而提高解题和阅读的效率。
三、 同 / 近义词或形近词辨析
1. Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be ____________ to the kids. (2009江西卷)
A. accessible B. relative
C. acceptable D. sensitive
2. —Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?
—Excellent! Alex and Andy performed____________and won the first prize.(2008安徽卷)
A. skillfully B. commonly
C. willingly D. nervously
3. —You are always full of____________ . Can youtell me the secret?
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.(2007福建卷)
A. power B. strength
C. force D. energy
4. A new ____________ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. (2007天津卷)
A. normal B. usual
C. regular D. common
答案解析:
1. A。考查以-ible, -ive或-able结尾的形容词的辨析。accessible表示“可使用的,可接近的”;relative“相对的;比较的;与……有关的”;acceptable“可接受的;令人满意的”;sensitive“敏感的”。
2. A。考查加-ly后缀构成的副词辨析。Skillfully“熟练地;有技巧地”;commonly“一般地;通常;由大多数人……地”;willingly“乐意地”;nervously“紧张地;焦虑不安地”。
3. D。energy意为“能量;能源;精力”;power可指“动力,思维能力,权力等各种力量或能力”; force指物理学意义上的力,也指为做成某事而使用的力量,还常指武力; strength意为“力气;体力;力量”,指承受或抗拒某一事物所固有的“能力”,引申为“强度”。根据答语taking plenty of exercise everyday可知上句是 “你总是精力充沛”。
4. C。normal 是 “(几乎) 所有人或事物为共同的, 常见的, 普通的”; usual “与过去的经验或习惯有关”; normal “正常的; 通常的;一般的;正规的”;regular表“规则的;有规律的;固定的;正式的”。 句意:一种新的通往天津机场的定期班车两个月前开始运行。公汽开往机场的时间是固定的,故C正确。
解题思路:
1. 按照题意分析各选项,找出同 / 近义词之间的差异,弄清每个词可特指什么;考虑每个备选项是否还有其它不同的意义可用于题干句,不要拘泥于同 / 近义词的意义。
2. 充分考虑备选项各词汇与题干句中某些词语是否能构成固定句型、固定搭配、习惯用法,以便更加快捷而又准确地解答。
3. 备选项中也会出现这种情形,即四个选项在意义上或构词上很接近,但算不上同 / 近义词,这就需要仔细辨别它们的意义,结合题干句意确定正确的选项。
【巩固练习】
1. After graduation, I hoped that the first job would lay the ____________ for the developmentof my future career.
A. foundation B. structure
C. environment D. arrangement
2. All members agreed to sign a trade agreement that would bring the lasting____________to the developing countries.
A. elements B. beliefs
C. supports D. benefits
3. Generally speaking, a successfulbusinessman knows how to ____________ achance to develop and expand his businessat any time.
A. makeB. takeC. graspD. catch
4. Please don’t ____________ to contact me if you want to know about more detailed information about this terrible accident.
A. determine B. hesitate
C. attempt D. require
5. When you fill in the application form,please take your____________address and phonenumber so that we can contact you easily.
A. permanent B. unique
C. independent D. separate
6. I’m sorry I’ve forgotten to phone you. I’vebeen ____________ busy this week.
A. obviously B. properly
C. incredibily D. constantly
7. The authorities have made a major ____________ in looking into the XiangFen coal accident which happened in Shanxi province.
A. influence B. breakthrough
C. achievement D. consequence
8. How can we account for the ____________ of the League of Nations to achieve peace in Europe?
A. progress B. element
C. concern D. failure
9. —I heard you’re flying to Japan again.
—Yeah, my boss ____________ for me to discusscontract details with representatives fromthe famous company.
A. arranged B. appealed
C. applied D. acquired
10. The ambitious girl from the poor family has ____________ all of the goals she set for herself in university and is ready for the new challenges and opportunities in society.
A. realised B. created
C. achieved D. established
11. A recent survey shows that the Goldenweek holiday is the ____________ choice for awedding in China.
A. perfect B. conscious
C. normal D. available
12. It’s becoming____________ clear that this social problem will not be easily solved in the present situation.
A. completely B. regularly
C. increasingly D. ocassionally
13. All players attending the Spoken English Contest held by CCTV____________considerable skills in their performances.
A. displayed B. applied
C. resisted D. supported
14. The survey results from Oxford university seem to ____________ a connection between poor housing conditions and bad health.
A. indicate B. prove
C. state D. establish
15. Creative thinking is a ____________ effort to break away from old thought patterns in order to explore new possibilities.
A. generous B. dangerous
C. various D. conscious
Keys:
1. A。lay the foundation for(of) sth.“为……打下(奠定)基础”
2. D。句意“所有成员同意签订一个将给发展中国家带来持久利益的贸易协议。Benefit(好处 / 利益)符合题意。
3. C。grasp a chance “抓住机会”;take a chance “冒险”。
4. B。hesitate to do sth.“不愿做某事;对做某事有顾虑”;determine to do sth.“决定 / 决心做某事”;attempt to so sth.“尝试做某事”;require sb to do sth“要求 / 规定某人做某事”。
5. A。permanent“永久的;永恒的;长久的;固定的”; unique“独特的;惟一的”;independent“独立的”;separate“分开的;不相连的;各自的;不一样的”。
6. C。obviously“明显地;显而易见地;明白地”;properly“适当地;合适地”;incredibly“极端地;非常地;难以置信地”;constantly“持续不断地;经常地”。
7. B。考查固定搭配。 make a major breakthrough in ...“在……方面取得重大突破”。
8. D。名词词义辨析。progress “进步;进展;改进”;element“元素;要素”;concern“担心;忧虑;焦急”;failure“失败;失败的人或事”。句意:我们怎么解释国际联盟为何无法在欧洲实现和平呢?
9. A。arrange for sb to do sth “安排某人做某事”。arrange “安排;筹划”;appeal“恳请;恳求;呼吁;吸引”;apply“申请;运用;应用;适用于;有效”;acquire“掌握;获得”。
10. C。固定搭配考查。achieve one’s goals / aims / purpose “实现目标 / 达到目的”。
11. A。形容词词义辨析。perfect“完美的;最佳的;理想的;最合适不过的”;conscious “清醒的;有意的;意识到的”;normal“正常的”;available“可利用的;可达到的;有效的”。
12. C。句意:越来越明显这个社会问题在目前这种情况下很难解决。completely “完全地;彻底地;全部地”;regularly“有规律地;定期地”;increasingly“不断增加地;越来越多地”;occasionally“偶然地;偶尔地”。
13. A。display “展示;陈列;显示(信息);显露(情感、态度或才能)”;apply“运用;应用”;resist“抵抗;对抗”;support“支持;供养;支撑”。
14. A。句意:“调查结果表明糟糕的居住环境与健康存在一定的关联。”indicate“表明;表示;预示;象征”。
15. D。考查固定搭配。a conscious effort / decision / attempt“有意作出的努力 / 决定 / 尝试”。Conscious“有意识的;注意到的;清醒的;有知觉的”。