在以家庭联产承包责任制为核心的农村经济改革取得重大突破和成就的背景下 ,在我国农村 ,出现了当代中国农村的村民自治。总结其中的经验教训 ,科学分析问题产生的根源 ,是新世纪必须考虑的重要问题。以成本收益为分析工具和理论视角 ,立足现代中国农村尚有较多传统农业社会遗迹的现实 ,综合其它有代表性的、分析问题的方法及其结论 ,吸取中国传统的乡村双轨治理模式的经验 ,并结合国家推行村民自治的根本考虑和主要动机 ,可以看出 ,以普选和民主监督为基本内容的当代中国农村村民自治 ,其巨大的成本而较少的可得利益 ,是其暂时面临困难的根本原因。而问题的出路 ,在于发展农业产业化并立足国情改造现代民主制度 Against the backdrop of major breakthroughs and achievements in rural economic reform with the household contract responsibility system as the core, villager autonomy in contemporary rural China has emerged in our country’s rural areas. To sum up the experiences and lessons learned and scientifically analyze the root causes of the problems is an important issue that must be considered in the new century. Taking the cost-benefit as the analytical tool and the theoretical perspective, based on the fact that modern rural China still has many more traditional agricultural social relics, and taking into consideration other representative and analytical methods and conclusions, drawing on the experience of China’s traditional rural dual-track governance model , And combined with the fundamental considerations and main motives of the country in implementing villager autonomy, we can see that the villagers’ self-government in contemporary China, which bases on universal suffrage and democratic supervision, is facing temporary difficulties because of its huge cost and less available profits The root cause. The way out lies in the development of agricultural industrialization and the transformation of modern democratic system based on the national conditions