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在土家族历史上,梯玛信仰广泛存在,梯玛阶层在土家族社会运行中起着重要作用。改土归流尤其是近现代以来,在国家力量的作用下,梯玛信仰逐渐萎缩,在多数土家族地区逐渐消失,只是在土家族聚居的深处有残存。20世纪50年代社会主义改造后,梯玛信仰消失得更快,残存的地方也出现传承断裂,存世的梯玛寥寥无几。改革开放后,在土家语存留区的局部地方出现梯玛信仰的“复兴”。梯玛信仰的“复兴”与改革开放以来的制度变迁及地方精英复兴民族文化有关,与现代化进程中村落社会的内在需求有关,也与村落社会中不断流传的灵验故事有关。本文在描述梯玛信仰演变及其“玩菩萨”仪式的基础上,分析其生存逻辑,以此理解梯玛信仰“复兴”的合理性。
In the history of Tujia, the belief of Tima is widespread. The Tima class plays an important role in the operation of Tujia society. Since the tributary of the Kuomintang, especially in the modern era, under the influence of the state forces, the belief in the Timah gradually shrank and gradually disappeared in most Tujia areas, but there was a remnant in the depths of the Tujia people’s settlement. After the socialist transformation in the 1950s, the belief in Tima disappeared faster and the surviving place also appeared to be broken down and inherited. Few Timah survived. After the reform and opening up, there was a “renaissance” of Timah belief in some parts of the Tujia Reservation. The “Renaissance” of Timah’s belief has something to do with the institutional changes since the reform and opening up and the revitalization of national culture by local elites. It is also related to the inherent needs of the village society in the process of modernization and to the constantly evolving euphemistic stories in the village society. Based on the description of the evolution of the Tima belief and the ceremony of “playing the Buddha,” this article analyzes the logic of its existence to understand the rationality of the Timah belief “revival”.