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非谓语动词历来都是高考英语试题的考查点，也是学生的难点。笔者通过研究历年的高考试题，尤其是2008年的高考题，并结合自己的教学实践发现以下几点是困扰学生的难点，须加强理解和训练。
难点一、 being done的含义
1. being done作分词用时表示“进行被动”的意义，在句中充当定语、状语和补语。例如：
The room being painted is my bedroom.正在被粉刷的房间是我的卧室。
I can’t see clearly the subtitle being shown on the screen.我看不清银幕上正在放映的小标题。
He heard someone being beaten in the room upstairs.他听见楼上的房间里有人正在挨打。
Being watched over, the prisoner couldn’t escape.因为被看守，所以这个犯人逃不脱。
2. being done作动名词用，只表“被动”而没有“进行”的意义，在句中作主语或宾语。例如：
You always hear about planes being delayed because of technical faults. 你总听说因技术故障飞机被延误的情况。（planes being delayed是动名词复合结构,作about的宾语）
How can we prevent the environment from being polluted?我们怎样才能防止环境被污染呢？ （being polluted作from 的宾语）
He escaped being punished because he was absent that day.那天他没有被惩罚，因为他不在。 （being punished 作escaped 的宾语）
难点二、 having been done与done的异同
1. having been done表示“完成被动”的意义,是分词的完成被动式，在句中只能作状语，此时也可用done代替。例如：
（2007山东33） The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ___________at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
此题考查独立主格结构，表示发生过的被动动作，即“完成被动”的意义，后一部分在句中作评注性状语，故答案为B。上例中的having been launched 也可使用launched。此句也可改为并列句：
... and the most recent was launhed at the end of last March. 最近的未载人飞船于去年三月末被发射。
2. having been done 作主语或宾语时，是动名词的完成被动式。例如：
（2006江西29） After he became conscious, he remembered____________ and _____________ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack； hit
B. to be attacked； to be hit
C. attacking； be hit
D. having been attacked； hit
此题需要选择动名词作remember的宾语，表示“记得做过的事”，故选D。此时，having been attacked 可用being attacked 代替。
3. done 表示“被动或完成被动”的意义，在句中作状语、定语、表语或补足语。例如：
（2007 上海36） The Town Hall ___________in the l800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being completed
此题需选后置定语，故首先排除B，因为having been done在表示“完成被动”的意义时，是分词的完成被动式，在句中只能作状语，此时方能与done换用。根据句中时间状语，应选C，表“完成被动”义。译为：建于十九世纪的市政大厅是当时最杰出的建筑物。
(2006福建33) __________________ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed
C. To blame D. To be blamed
句意：因为破坏了学校电脑网络，Alice 受到了责备。表示“完成被动”义，故选B。
难点三、非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语的一致性
（2008重庆29）______________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an e-mail instead.
A. Fail B. Failed
C. To fail D. Having failed
句意：因为（我们）未能通过电话与他们取得联系，所以我们发了一个电子邮件。句子主语是“我们”,“未能……”的动作是“我们”做的，表“完成主动”义，故排除 B（B是“完成被动”义），故只有D项正确。
（2005全国卷Ⅱ18） While watching television, __________________-.
A. the doorbell rung
B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring
D. we heard the doorbell rings
分词watching television的动作应该是“人”做的而不可能是doorbell做的，故排除A、B项，根据结构选C。
难点四、 only to do与 only doing
1. only to do作结果状语时，表示“未预料的或不好的结果”。例如：
（2004福建27） The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______________the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
此题表示“未预料的结果——结果却被告知……”，故选B。
2. only doing 作伴随状语时，表示的动作与谓语动作相随进行。例如：
（2008辽宁27） He was busy writing a story, only ______________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping
C. to have stopped D. having stopped
此题答案为B，表示伴随的动作。
难点五、 非谓语与谓语的判断
1. （2004上海春44） Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ______________the girl and took her away,________________ into the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared
B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing
D. seized; disappearing
解析：第一空seized是谓语动词与took并列，第二空disappearing 作伴随状语。
2. （2005全国卷32） The storm left, _____________ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to cause D. having caused
分析：逗号后面无并列连词，故空格处不能用谓语动词，故排除A。此处不是目的状语，也不是未预料的结果，故排除B、C项。D项为正确答案，在句中作时间状语，它表示的动作先于谓语动作，译为“在导致了许多损失后……”，可以把having caused ...放于句首。
3. （2005全国卷Ⅱ20） “You can’t
catch me！” Janet shouted，________________away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
此题与上题一样无并列连词，首先排除谓语形式D项。应选择充当伴随状语的B项。
4. （2006山东29） Five people won the “China’s Green Figure ”award, a title___________to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being B. is given
C. given D. was given
解析： a title 充当the “China’s Green Figure” award的同位语，它不是一个句子的主语，因为逗号不隔开两个并列的句子，所以排除谓语形式D。a title (一个称号)后面是后置定语，a title与give为被动关系，故选C项。
难点六： have结构的迷惑
1. have表示“进行某种动作”，有固定搭配。例如：have a good time, have a swim, have a rest, have breakfast, have sports等。
（2008四川14） We had an anxious couple of weeks_______________for the results of the experiment.
A. wait B. to be waiting
C. waited D. waiting
此题考查have an anxious couple of weeks (in) doing sth.与have a good / hard time (in) doing sth.结构相同，故选D。
2. have 作使役动词用时，结构有have sb. do / doing或have sth. done。例如：
Who would you like to have___________the letter?
A. typed B. to type
C. typing D. type
答案选D。属于have sb. do sth.的结构。
3. have 表示“有”时，结构有have sth.∕sb. to do，译为“有……要做”，to do 作后置定语，do与sb. ∕ sth.为动宾关系。例如：
She has a lot of children __________ , so she is busy all day.
A. to take care of B. taken care of
C. take care of D. taking care of
答案选A。译为：她有许多孩子要照顾，所以整天都很忙。
难点七、 不定式的主动表被动意义的情况。
1. sb. ∕sth. ＋ be ＋ adj. ＋ to do
do 与主语sb. ∕sth.有动宾关系，此句型表示主语的性质或特点。例如：
The morning air is so good to breathe.
The problem is hard to solve.
She is easy to work with .
2. to do 作后置定语时，do与被修饰词为动宾关系。例如：
I have nothing to do right now.
He has a lot of work to do.
She has nothing to worry about.
3. sb. be to blame 某人应受责备 / 负责。例如：
He is to blame for the broken window.
难点八、动名词的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别
动名词的复合结构常用作主语或宾语，而独立主格结构只能用作状语。例如：
1. ___________at the meeting encouraged all of us.
A. He being praised
B. His having been praised
C. He praising
D. For him to have been praised
此题选B，B项为动名词复合结构在句中作主语。
2._____________ ill, his mother had to stay at home to attend (to) him.
A. His being B. He being
C. To be D. Being
此题选B。独立主格结构作原因状语，相当于Because he was ill。
【巩固练习】
1. （2008江西28） We finished the run in less than half the time _______________ .
A. allowing B. to allow
C. allowed D. allows
2. (2006湖北34) Don’t sit there _______________nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do
C. doing D. and doing
3. （2006安徽35） Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _______________ .
A. blamed B. blaming
C. to blame D. to be blamed
4. (2008陕西14) _______________around the cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
5. (2008北京32) I feel greatly honoured_______________into their society.
A. to welcome B. welcoming
C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
6. (2007上海，13) She wants her paintings_______________ in the gallery, but we don’t think they would be very popular.
A. display B. to display
C. displaying D. displayed
7. (2005上海33)_______________into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting
C. Having put D. Being put
8. （2008天津4） _______________ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A. To throw B. Thrown
C. Throwing D. Being thrown
9. (2008浙江13) It’s one of the funniest things_______________ on the Internet so far this year.
A. finding B. being found
C. to find D. found
10. (2008陕西11) The message is very important, so it is supposed_______________ as soon as possible.
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sent D. sending
11. （2007山西实验二次模拟） For many years people in that country have beenaccustomed_______________like animals.
A. to be treated B. to being treated
C. to treat D. treating
12. (2007北京西城抽样) —What made little Tony so unhappy and cry in his room?
—_______________ to go hiking with his brother.
A. Having not been allowed
B. Not having allowed
C. Having not allowed
D. Not having been allowed
13. （2004上海春35） I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _______________ ?
A. to be buying B. to buy
C. for buying D. bought
14. (2005北京28) It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview._______________ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
15. (2007银川一中期中) Much new and high technology has been introduced from America, thus_______________ in great increase in
production of the company.
A. resulting B. resulted
C. results D. which results
参考答案: 1- 5 CCCCC6-10 DACDA 11-15 BDBDA
难点一、 being done的含义
1. being done作分词用时表示“进行被动”的意义，在句中充当定语、状语和补语。例如：
The room being painted is my bedroom.正在被粉刷的房间是我的卧室。
I can’t see clearly the subtitle being shown on the screen.我看不清银幕上正在放映的小标题。
He heard someone being beaten in the room upstairs.他听见楼上的房间里有人正在挨打。
Being watched over, the prisoner couldn’t escape.因为被看守，所以这个犯人逃不脱。
2. being done作动名词用，只表“被动”而没有“进行”的意义，在句中作主语或宾语。例如：
You always hear about planes being delayed because of technical faults. 你总听说因技术故障飞机被延误的情况。（planes being delayed是动名词复合结构,作about的宾语）
How can we prevent the environment from being polluted?我们怎样才能防止环境被污染呢？ （being polluted作from 的宾语）
He escaped being punished because he was absent that day.那天他没有被惩罚，因为他不在。 （being punished 作escaped 的宾语）
难点二、 having been done与done的异同
1. having been done表示“完成被动”的意义,是分词的完成被动式，在句中只能作状语，此时也可用done代替。例如：
（2007山东33） The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ___________at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
此题考查独立主格结构，表示发生过的被动动作，即“完成被动”的意义，后一部分在句中作评注性状语，故答案为B。上例中的having been launched 也可使用launched。此句也可改为并列句：
... and the most recent was launhed at the end of last March. 最近的未载人飞船于去年三月末被发射。
2. having been done 作主语或宾语时，是动名词的完成被动式。例如：
（2006江西29） After he became conscious, he remembered____________ and _____________ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack； hit
B. to be attacked； to be hit
C. attacking； be hit
D. having been attacked； hit
此题需要选择动名词作remember的宾语，表示“记得做过的事”，故选D。此时，having been attacked 可用being attacked 代替。
3. done 表示“被动或完成被动”的意义，在句中作状语、定语、表语或补足语。例如：
（2007 上海36） The Town Hall ___________in the l800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being completed
此题需选后置定语，故首先排除B，因为having been done在表示“完成被动”的意义时，是分词的完成被动式，在句中只能作状语，此时方能与done换用。根据句中时间状语，应选C，表“完成被动”义。译为：建于十九世纪的市政大厅是当时最杰出的建筑物。
(2006福建33) __________________ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed
C. To blame D. To be blamed
句意：因为破坏了学校电脑网络，Alice 受到了责备。表示“完成被动”义，故选B。
难点三、非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语的一致性
（2008重庆29）______________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an e-mail instead.
A. Fail B. Failed
C. To fail D. Having failed
句意：因为（我们）未能通过电话与他们取得联系，所以我们发了一个电子邮件。句子主语是“我们”,“未能……”的动作是“我们”做的，表“完成主动”义，故排除 B（B是“完成被动”义），故只有D项正确。
（2005全国卷Ⅱ18） While watching television, __________________-.
A. the doorbell rung
B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring
D. we heard the doorbell rings
分词watching television的动作应该是“人”做的而不可能是doorbell做的，故排除A、B项，根据结构选C。
难点四、 only to do与 only doing
1. only to do作结果状语时，表示“未预料的或不好的结果”。例如：
（2004福建27） The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______________the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
此题表示“未预料的结果——结果却被告知……”，故选B。
2. only doing 作伴随状语时，表示的动作与谓语动作相随进行。例如：
（2008辽宁27） He was busy writing a story, only ______________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping
C. to have stopped D. having stopped
此题答案为B，表示伴随的动作。
难点五、 非谓语与谓语的判断
1. （2004上海春44） Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ______________the girl and took her away,________________ into the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared
B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing
D. seized; disappearing
解析：第一空seized是谓语动词与took并列，第二空disappearing 作伴随状语。
2. （2005全国卷32） The storm left, _____________ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to cause D. having caused
分析：逗号后面无并列连词，故空格处不能用谓语动词，故排除A。此处不是目的状语，也不是未预料的结果，故排除B、C项。D项为正确答案，在句中作时间状语，它表示的动作先于谓语动作，译为“在导致了许多损失后……”，可以把having caused ...放于句首。
3. （2005全国卷Ⅱ20） “You can’t
catch me！” Janet shouted，________________away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
此题与上题一样无并列连词，首先排除谓语形式D项。应选择充当伴随状语的B项。
4. （2006山东29） Five people won the “China’s Green Figure ”award, a title___________to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being B. is given
C. given D. was given
解析： a title 充当the “China’s Green Figure” award的同位语，它不是一个句子的主语，因为逗号不隔开两个并列的句子，所以排除谓语形式D。a title (一个称号)后面是后置定语，a title与give为被动关系，故选C项。
难点六： have结构的迷惑
1. have表示“进行某种动作”，有固定搭配。例如：have a good time, have a swim, have a rest, have breakfast, have sports等。
（2008四川14） We had an anxious couple of weeks_______________for the results of the experiment.
A. wait B. to be waiting
C. waited D. waiting
此题考查have an anxious couple of weeks (in) doing sth.与have a good / hard time (in) doing sth.结构相同，故选D。
2. have 作使役动词用时，结构有have sb. do / doing或have sth. done。例如：
Who would you like to have___________the letter?
A. typed B. to type
C. typing D. type
答案选D。属于have sb. do sth.的结构。
3. have 表示“有”时，结构有have sth.∕sb. to do，译为“有……要做”，to do 作后置定语，do与sb. ∕ sth.为动宾关系。例如：
She has a lot of children __________ , so she is busy all day.
A. to take care of B. taken care of
C. take care of D. taking care of
答案选A。译为：她有许多孩子要照顾，所以整天都很忙。
难点七、 不定式的主动表被动意义的情况。
1. sb. ∕sth. ＋ be ＋ adj. ＋ to do
do 与主语sb. ∕sth.有动宾关系，此句型表示主语的性质或特点。例如：
The morning air is so good to breathe.
The problem is hard to solve.
She is easy to work with .
2. to do 作后置定语时，do与被修饰词为动宾关系。例如：
I have nothing to do right now.
He has a lot of work to do.
She has nothing to worry about.
3. sb. be to blame 某人应受责备 / 负责。例如：
He is to blame for the broken window.
难点八、动名词的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别
动名词的复合结构常用作主语或宾语，而独立主格结构只能用作状语。例如：
1. ___________at the meeting encouraged all of us.
A. He being praised
B. His having been praised
C. He praising
D. For him to have been praised
此题选B，B项为动名词复合结构在句中作主语。
2._____________ ill, his mother had to stay at home to attend (to) him.
A. His being B. He being
C. To be D. Being
此题选B。独立主格结构作原因状语，相当于Because he was ill。
【巩固练习】
1. （2008江西28） We finished the run in less than half the time _______________ .
A. allowing B. to allow
C. allowed D. allows
2. (2006湖北34) Don’t sit there _______________nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do
C. doing D. and doing
3. （2006安徽35） Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _______________ .
A. blamed B. blaming
C. to blame D. to be blamed
4. (2008陕西14) _______________around the cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
5. (2008北京32) I feel greatly honoured_______________into their society.
A. to welcome B. welcoming
C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
6. (2007上海，13) She wants her paintings_______________ in the gallery, but we don’t think they would be very popular.
A. display B. to display
C. displaying D. displayed
7. (2005上海33)_______________into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting
C. Having put D. Being put
8. （2008天津4） _______________ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A. To throw B. Thrown
C. Throwing D. Being thrown
9. (2008浙江13) It’s one of the funniest things_______________ on the Internet so far this year.
A. finding B. being found
C. to find D. found
10. (2008陕西11) The message is very important, so it is supposed_______________ as soon as possible.
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sent D. sending
11. （2007山西实验二次模拟） For many years people in that country have beenaccustomed_______________like animals.
A. to be treated B. to being treated
C. to treat D. treating
12. (2007北京西城抽样) —What made little Tony so unhappy and cry in his room?
—_______________ to go hiking with his brother.
A. Having not been allowed
B. Not having allowed
C. Having not allowed
D. Not having been allowed
13. （2004上海春35） I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _______________ ?
A. to be buying B. to buy
C. for buying D. bought
14. (2005北京28) It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview._______________ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
15. (2007银川一中期中) Much new and high technology has been introduced from America, thus_______________ in great increase in
production of the company.
A. resulting B. resulted
C. results D. which results
参考答案: 1- 5 CCCCC6-10 DACDA 11-15 BDBDA