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密植是挖掘玉米高产潜力的主要途径。然而,密植倒伏和早衰问题长期制约着玉米密植高产的潜力挖掘,特别在东北和黄淮海地区问题更加突出。为此,本研究明确了密植倒伏、早衰、产量低的原因是冠层耕层的不协调,提出了冠层耕层同步优化的高产高效技术途径,构建了技术体系,主要包括:(1)以产量性能为核心的冠层分析体系及其定量指标和动态监测系统;(2)以土壤与根系合理空间分布为指导的“深耕层、降容重、匀分布、培地力”的耕层优化体系;(3)冠层生产力与耕层供给力协同优化分析体系。在此基础上,创新了多种关键技术,包括:(1)以改耕层促冠层为核心的“改方式、改时间、培地力”的深松耕作关键技术;(2)以改冠层提耕层为核心的“抗倒、抗冷、防衰”的化控技术;(3)以调冠层保耕层为核心的“调行距、调耕作、调肥水”相结合的密植技术。在关键技术创新的基础上,通过技术集成,构建了“深耕层-密冠层”、“控株型-促根系”及“培地力-高肥效”的不同方式的3项密植高产高效技术模式,在东北春玉米、黄淮海夏玉米密植高产中,创造了高产典型,而且在大面积高产高效方面取得了显著成效。
Close planting is the main way to tap the high yield potential of corn. However, the problems of dense planting lodging and premature aging have long restricted the potential exploitation of densely populated and high-yielding corn, especially in the northeast and Huang-Huai-Hai areas. Therefore, this study identified the reasons of dense planting lodging, premature aging and low yield due to the incompatibility of canopy topsoil. A high-yield and high-efficiency technical approach to simultaneous optimization of canopy topsoil was proposed and a technical system was established, including: (1) (2) The topsoil, de-graded, well-distributed and fertility-driven plow under the guidance of the rational spatial distribution of soil and root system, which is characterized by yield performance at the core of the canopy analysis system and its quantitative indicators and dynamic monitoring system Optimization system; (3) Collaborative optimization analysis system of canopy productivity and tillering force. On this basis, a number of key technologies have been innovated, including: (1) the key technologies of deep-plowing under the principle of changing canopy and improving the canopy; (2) Change canopy layer as the core “anti-down, cold, anti-aging ” control technology; (3) to tune the canopy layer as the core “The combination of close planting technology. On the basis of the key technical innovation, through the technical integration, the different ways of ”deep plowing - dense canopy“, ”controlling plant type - promoting root system“ and ”cultivating fertility - high fertilizer efficiency" The project of planting high yield and high efficiency of the project has created a high-yielding typical pattern in the densely-planted and high-yielding maize in the northeast spring, the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize and has achieved remarkable results in the large area with high yield and high efficiency.