从自信到客观──西方小说视角的流变张介明一在十九世纪末以前的西方，文学创作和批评中是既无自觉的“视角”意识，也无明确的“叙述人”概念的。即使是福楼拜，这位向来被视为对小说问题曾在创作中有过如许多实践的始作涌者，也只是就创作的冷静、客观发过些诸如“作者... From Confidence to Objective ─ ─ Change from the Perspective of Western Fiction ZHANG Jie-ming1 In the western and literary creation and criticism before the end of the nineteenth century, there was neither conscious awareness of “perspective” nor explicit definition of “narrator”. Even Flaubert, who has always been regarded as a pioneer in the creation of novel novels, has only done so much in the creation of calm, objective, such as "author ...