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美国文论家杰姆逊从语言符号入手来分析现实主义、现代主义与后现代主义三个文化阶段,认为现实主义阶段语言表现为能指、所指与参指三者的统一,现代主义阶段语言则表现为能指与所指的统一,而后现代主义阶段语言只剩下自动的能指。保罗.奥斯特的小说《密室中的旅行》同时包含了这三种语言观,读者对主人公布兰克这一语言符号意义的追寻也从寻找外在世界的参指,退后到小说文本中它的所指,并最终迷失在小说无穷循环的能指链条中。杰姆逊与奥斯特在揭示语言的实质方面有着殊途同归的旨趣。
American literary critic Jameson begins with the linguistic sign to analyze the three cultural stages of realism, modernism and postmodernism, and believes that the language in the stage of realism is the unity of the signifier, the signified and the signified, the stage of modernism Language manifests itself as the unity of signifier and signification, while only the signifier of autonomy exists in the postmodernist language. Paul Auster’s novel The Travel in the Chamber of Secrets also contains these three linguistic views. The reader’s search for the symbolic meaning of the protagonist Blanc also goes back to the fictional text It refers to it, and eventually lost in the endless loop of the novel’s finger chain. Jameson and Auster have the same purpose of revealing the essence of language.