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免疫学方法是研究肿瘤诊疗最常用的方法之一。已知,肿瘤细胞有多种抗原决定簇,如组织相容性抗原(HLA)、胚胎抗原、肿瘤相关抗原和血型抗原等。常规方法制备的抗血清通常含有针对上述多种抗原决定簇的抗体(多克隆抗体),这种抗体特异性差。若要获得高度特异性抗体,须通过多种步骤纯化抗原分子;特异性抗体必须进行广泛吸收其中对正常细胞的非特异性成分。但结果往往使抗体量锐减,滴度下降,其生化性质和特异性均可发生改变。单克隆技术的建立为制备高度特异性抗体提供了新方法,开辟了分子免疫学新的领域,成为当今医学生物学的重大进展之一。
Immunological methods are one of the most commonly used methods for studying oncology treatments. Known tumor cells have a variety of antigenic determinants, such as histocompatibility antigens (HLA), embryonic antigens, tumor-associated antigens and blood group antigens. Antibodies prepared by conventional methods usually contain antibodies directed against the various antigenic determinants described above (polyclonal antibodies), which antibodies are poorly specified. To obtain highly specific antibodies, antigen molecules must be purified in a number of steps; specific antibodies must extensively absorb nonspecific components of normal cells therein. However, the results often lead to a sharp decrease in the antibody titer and a drop in titer. The biochemical properties and the specificity of the antibody may change. The establishment of monoclonal technology provides a new method for preparing highly specific antibodies and opens up new areas of molecular immunology, making it one of the major advances in medical biology today.