1949年诺贝尔化学奖授予美国物理化学家威廉·弗朗西斯·吉奥克(见图1),以表彰他在化学热力学领域,特别是对物质在接近绝对零度时表现出的特有性质的研究.吉奥克长期从事低温化学热力学研究,尤其是热力学第三定律和超低温下的化学熵变,他研究过磁场对物质的作用,根据磁场使顺磁物质的熵值降低.1926年.他独立提出顺磁物质绝热退磁时可以获取超低温(低于1K的温度)的新理论,这是具有里程碑意义的巨 The 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to William Francis Geek (see Figure 1), a physicochemist in the United States, in recognition of his research in the field of chemical thermodynamics, especially for the properties peculiar to the absolute near zero. Aoke has long been engaged in the research of low temperature chemical thermodynamics, especially the third law of thermodynamics and the chemical entropy change at cryogenic temperature. He studied the effect of magnetic field on matter and reduced the entropy of paramagnetic matter according to magnetic field. In 1926, Magnetism can be obtained when the adiabatic demagnetization ultra-low temperature (below 1K temperature) of the new theory, which is a landmark giant