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独立主格结构,又叫做独立结构。在形式上,独立主格结构与主句没有任何关系,但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起,共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语和谓语,没有真正的主语和谓语,所以在句法上,独立主格结构不是句子,而是一个独立于主句之外的特殊结构。
独立主格结构主要起作状语的作用,其功能相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况,有时也可以表示时间、原因、条件等;可放在句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。例如:
The experiment done, we went on to take notes in the experiment report. = After the experiment had been done, we went on to takenotes in the experiment report. 做完实验后,我们继续在实验报告上做笔记。
Cell phones being very small, we can use them conveniently. = Because cell phones are very small, we can use them conveniently. 因为手机很小,所以我们使用起来很方便。
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. = Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。
独立主格结构可分为四类:独立分词结构;独立不定式结构;独立无动词结构和with复合结构。
一、独立分词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+分词”。 由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词逻辑上的主语,因此,如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,使用表示主动意义的现在分词。例如:
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
permit可看作是其逻辑主语weather“主动发出的动作”,故使用现在分词。
如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则使用表示被动意义的过去分词。例如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量得到了提高。
solve与其逻辑主语the problems含有逻辑上的动宾关系,故应使用过去分词。
【考例】
The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons____for the day.
A. finishing____ B. finished
C. had finishedD. were finished
解析:B。考查独立分词结构。该题目中间含有逗号,并且前后都没有连词,说明既不是复合句,也不是并列句,而是一个含有独立主格结构的句子。动词finish与其逻辑主语their lessons含有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用过去分词。
独立分词结构在使用中还应注意以下两点:
(1)在独立分词结构中,如果强调分词的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,用现在分词的完成式表示。例如:
All the students having handed in their papers, the two teachers went out of the classroom. 在所有学生交完试卷之后,两位老师走出了教室。
The whole room having been painted, we began to feel tired. 整个房间刷完油漆后,我们开始感到疲惫。
【考例】
The country has already sent up three unmaned spacecraft, the most recent ____at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
解析:B。本题中的逗号是解题的关键。句中出现了逗号,而且前后没有连词,说明这是一个含有独立主格结构的句子。由句意可知,分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,用现在分词的完成式表示。
(2)“There being+名词或代词主格”是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式,在意义上表示存在,充当原因状语或条件状语,其中的being不能省略。例如:
There being no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night. (=As there was no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night.) 因为没有下雨,农民们只得日日夜夜忙着浇地。
There being nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy. (=As there was nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy.)因为在演讲中没有什么令人感兴趣的东西,听众感到有点困倦。
二、独立不定式结构
独立分词结构表示的时间可以与主句谓语动作同时发生,也可以在其之前发生;而独立不定式结构的时间是发生在主句谓语动作之后或还未发生。其构成是“名词或代词主格+不定式”。
在独立不定式结构中,如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的发出者,则二者在逻辑上含有主谓关系,用不定式的主动形式。例如:
Nobody to help us tomorrow, we can’t finish our task ahead of time. 如果明天没有人来帮忙,我们不可能提前完成任务。
help这一动作与其逻辑主语nobody有逻辑上的主谓关系,故使用不定式的主动形式。
【考例】
I sent you 100 dollars today, the rest____in a year.
A. follows____ B. followed
C. to followD. being followed
解析:C。考查独立不定式结构。根据句意,剩余的钱一年内给付,而且follow这一动作与the rest含有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且该动作尚未发生,故用“逻辑主语+不定式”构成独立主格结构。
如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的承受者,则二者在逻辑上含有动宾关系,用不定式的被动式。例如:
More presents to be given, she will find it difficult to accept. 再多给她一些礼物,她就会觉得很难接受。
give这一动作与其逻辑主语more presents有逻辑上的动宾关系,故使用不定式的被动形式。
三、独立无动词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+非谓语部分”。非谓语部分由名词及其短语、形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。该结构用来表达对主句的补充说明、对主句动词意义上的伴随及事件发生的原因等。如果非谓语部分变成谓语动词,则可能构成非限制性定语从句,在实际运用中要区别开来。例如:
He has visited many countries, most of them in Europe.他去过很多国家,多数是欧洲的。
如果在in Europe前面加上are,则变为非限制性定语从句,此时most of them中的them应改为关系代词which。
The visiting president has some friends in China, all of them young fellows.这位来访的总统在中国有一些朋友,他们都是年轻人。
如果在young fellows前面加上are,则变为非限制性定语从句,此时all of them中的them应改为关系代词whom。
She left the house in a hurry, only one window open.她匆匆忙忙离开家,有一扇窗户开着。
【考例】
The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,____are beyond our control.
A. most of them
B. most of which
C. most of what
D. most of that
解析:B。本题考查“介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。由于逗号之后是一个完整的句子,先行词factors在定语从句中作most of的宾语,故用关系代词which代替factors,并且引导定语从句。如果此题的后面部分去掉are,则选用A项,构成独立主格结构。
当非谓语部分为由介词in连接的两个名词时,两个名词通常要么不加任何成分,要么同时加上冠词和物主代词。例如:
The soldier stood in front of the gate, (a) gun in (his) hand.士兵站在门口,手里端着枪。
四、with复合结构
其构成是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。充当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。例如:
With the bridge repaired, the walkers on it felt safe. 桥修好了,走在上面的人感到安全了。
With you to help me, I’m sure we will do it better. 有你来帮忙,我相信我们会把它做得更好。
The audience were very surprised, with their mouths wide open. 观众们很惊讶,嘴巴张得大大的。
With a guide leading the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spring.有向导领着路,他们毫不费力地找到了温泉。
在with复合结构中,当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是宾补动作的承受者时,用过去分词。例如:
The fellow stood there, with his hands crossed. 那个家伙两手交叉,站在那里。
宾语his hands与宾补cross之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是宾补动作的承受者,应使用过去分词。
【考例】
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work____ , he gladly accepted it.
A. finished____B. finishing
C. having finishedD. was finished
解析:A。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语his work与作宾补的分词含有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用表示被动意义的过去分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾补动作是宾语发出的动作,并且强调动作正在进行,用现在分词。例如:
With loud noise going on outside, I can’t concentrate on my homework.外面巨大的噪音一直持续不停,我无法专心做作业。
宾语noise与宾补go on之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾补动作是宾语主动发出的,应使用现在分词。
【考例】
—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work____my mind, I almost break down.
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled
解析:B。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语so much work与作宾补的动词fill之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,应使用表示主动意义的现在分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,而这种主谓关系尚未发生,或表示将来的动作、状态时,用不定式。例如:
With this book to help you, you can finish your work as soon as possible. 有这本书帮忙,你能尽快完成工作。
宾语this book和宾补help之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且表示将来的意义,应使用不定式作宾补。
五、与分词短语作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,主句与从句的主语一致。例如:
Time permitting, we’d better have a holiday at weekends. (=If time permits, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.) 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
该题是独立主格结构作状语,状语从句的主语与主句主语不一致。
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.(=When we see from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.)从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
该题是分词作状语,状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
【考例】
____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk B. Walking
C. WalkedD. Having walked
解析:B。考查分词作状语。“walk”这一动作是其逻辑主语“he”主动发出的动作,且表示伴随情况,故应选用表示主动意义的现在分词作状语。A项不定式通常表示目的状语;D项分词的完成式强调动作在主句动作之前已经完成,与句意不符;B项是过去分词,walk是不及物动词,不能使用过去分词作状语。
六、与独立成分的异同
(1)有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑主语。如:generally speaking(总的说来);judging from / by...(从……判断);supposing...(假如……)等。例如:
Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他的口音判断,他肯定是南方人。
Supposing he is absent tomorrow, what shall we do? 如果他明天不来,我们该怎么办?
【考例】
____ , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
解析:C。generally speaking意思是“总的说来”,是独立存在的分词短语,已经变成了习惯用法。该句意思是:总的说来,照相机越贵,它的质量越好。
(2)有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。如:to be honest(老实说),to be sure(确实),
to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to be frank(坦率地说),to make matters / things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。例如:
To tell you the truth, he lied to us. 说实话,他对我们说谎了。
To be frank, he isn’t interested in art at all. 坦率地说,他对艺术一点也不感兴趣。
【巩固练习】
1. The fish____bad, the guests left much of it untouched.
A. tasted____ B. tasting
C. to taste____ D. having tasted
2. Everything____into consideration, they should give up the chance.
A. to takeB. taken
C. takingD. to be taken
3.____, we can go fishing by the lake.
A. SundayB. It is Sunday
C. As Sunday D. It being Sunday
4.With the whole class____ ,the new teacher felt uneasy.
A. stared at her
B. staring at her
C. being stared with her
D. to stare ather
5. Weather____ , I will go on a picnic with you this Saturday.
A. permitB. to permit
C. permittedD. permitting
6. Her money____ , she couldn’t buy a train ticket to her home.
A. stealingB. to be stolen
C. having stolenD. stolen
7. The poor boy lay on his back, his clothes____open and his eyes____on the sky.
A. torn; fixed B. tearing; fixed
C. torn; fixingD. being torn; fixing
8. Skins____to sunlight too much time, you will suffer.
A. exposing B. exposed
C. having exposed D. to expose
9. Without anyone____the way in that forest, you will certainly get lost in the coming week.
A. leadingB. to lead
C. ledD. being led
10.____, they had to get down to business.
A. As there has no time left
B. There was no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
11. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly,____ .
A. her long hair flowed in the breeze
B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze
C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze
D. her long hair flowing in the breeze
12. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth____and his eyes ____ .
A. closed; open
B. closed; opened
C. closing; open
D. closing; opening
13.____ , we have to get down to business right away.
A. As there was no time left
B. There is no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
14. She stood there,____from her cheeks.
A. tears’ rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
15.____ , we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
Keys:
1. B。taste表示“尝起来”,为连系动词,没有被动,所以不能用过去分词; 同时从“the guests left much of it untouched”来判断,该动作已经发生,不能用不定式;在此不强调taste与主句谓语动词发生的时间上的前后,也不能用完成式。
2. B。everything是动作take的承受者,所以用过去分词。
3. D。分词的主语与主句的主语不一致,所以分词的逻辑主语不能省略。“It being Sunday”相当于“As it is Sunday”。
4. B。stare这一动作是the whole class发出的,表示主动,从句意“这位新老师感到不安”来看,说明该动作业已发生。
5. D。permit在此用作不及物动词。“Weather permitting”相当于“If weather permits”。
6. D。money与steal之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词表示被动。
7. A。tear“撕开”,为及物动词,构成短语tear sth. open;fix构成短语fix one’s eyes on。
8. B。expose“使暴露”,为及物动词。
9. B。从主句判断,该事情还没有发生,所以用不定式表示将来的事情。
10. C。“There being no time left”相当于“As there was no time left”。
11. D。“her long hair flowing in the breeze”相当于“with her long hair flowing in the breeze”。
12. A。close与mouth是逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用过去分词作宾补;open本身是形容词,可作宾补。
13. C。这里,There being no time left = As there is no time left。
14. D。roll down是tears主动发出的动作,应使用表示主动意义的现在分词。
15. C。say与goodbye 有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用表示被动意义的过去分词。
(责任编辑 黄 晓 周侯辰)
独立主格结构主要起作状语的作用,其功能相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况,有时也可以表示时间、原因、条件等;可放在句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。例如:
The experiment done, we went on to take notes in the experiment report. = After the experiment had been done, we went on to takenotes in the experiment report. 做完实验后,我们继续在实验报告上做笔记。
Cell phones being very small, we can use them conveniently. = Because cell phones are very small, we can use them conveniently. 因为手机很小,所以我们使用起来很方便。
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. = Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。
独立主格结构可分为四类:独立分词结构;独立不定式结构;独立无动词结构和with复合结构。
一、独立分词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+分词”。 由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词逻辑上的主语,因此,如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,使用表示主动意义的现在分词。例如:
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
permit可看作是其逻辑主语weather“主动发出的动作”,故使用现在分词。
如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则使用表示被动意义的过去分词。例如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量得到了提高。
solve与其逻辑主语the problems含有逻辑上的动宾关系,故应使用过去分词。
【考例】
The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons____for the day.
A. finishing____ B. finished
C. had finishedD. were finished
解析:B。考查独立分词结构。该题目中间含有逗号,并且前后都没有连词,说明既不是复合句,也不是并列句,而是一个含有独立主格结构的句子。动词finish与其逻辑主语their lessons含有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用过去分词。
独立分词结构在使用中还应注意以下两点:
(1)在独立分词结构中,如果强调分词的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,用现在分词的完成式表示。例如:
All the students having handed in their papers, the two teachers went out of the classroom. 在所有学生交完试卷之后,两位老师走出了教室。
The whole room having been painted, we began to feel tired. 整个房间刷完油漆后,我们开始感到疲惫。
【考例】
The country has already sent up three unmaned spacecraft, the most recent ____at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
解析:B。本题中的逗号是解题的关键。句中出现了逗号,而且前后没有连词,说明这是一个含有独立主格结构的句子。由句意可知,分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,用现在分词的完成式表示。
(2)“There being+名词或代词主格”是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式,在意义上表示存在,充当原因状语或条件状语,其中的being不能省略。例如:
There being no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night. (=As there was no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night.) 因为没有下雨,农民们只得日日夜夜忙着浇地。
There being nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy. (=As there was nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy.)因为在演讲中没有什么令人感兴趣的东西,听众感到有点困倦。
二、独立不定式结构
独立分词结构表示的时间可以与主句谓语动作同时发生,也可以在其之前发生;而独立不定式结构的时间是发生在主句谓语动作之后或还未发生。其构成是“名词或代词主格+不定式”。
在独立不定式结构中,如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的发出者,则二者在逻辑上含有主谓关系,用不定式的主动形式。例如:
Nobody to help us tomorrow, we can’t finish our task ahead of time. 如果明天没有人来帮忙,我们不可能提前完成任务。
help这一动作与其逻辑主语nobody有逻辑上的主谓关系,故使用不定式的主动形式。
【考例】
I sent you 100 dollars today, the rest____in a year.
A. follows____ B. followed
C. to followD. being followed
解析:C。考查独立不定式结构。根据句意,剩余的钱一年内给付,而且follow这一动作与the rest含有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且该动作尚未发生,故用“逻辑主语+不定式”构成独立主格结构。
如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的承受者,则二者在逻辑上含有动宾关系,用不定式的被动式。例如:
More presents to be given, she will find it difficult to accept. 再多给她一些礼物,她就会觉得很难接受。
give这一动作与其逻辑主语more presents有逻辑上的动宾关系,故使用不定式的被动形式。
三、独立无动词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+非谓语部分”。非谓语部分由名词及其短语、形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。该结构用来表达对主句的补充说明、对主句动词意义上的伴随及事件发生的原因等。如果非谓语部分变成谓语动词,则可能构成非限制性定语从句,在实际运用中要区别开来。例如:
He has visited many countries, most of them in Europe.他去过很多国家,多数是欧洲的。
如果在in Europe前面加上are,则变为非限制性定语从句,此时most of them中的them应改为关系代词which。
The visiting president has some friends in China, all of them young fellows.这位来访的总统在中国有一些朋友,他们都是年轻人。
如果在young fellows前面加上are,则变为非限制性定语从句,此时all of them中的them应改为关系代词whom。
She left the house in a hurry, only one window open.她匆匆忙忙离开家,有一扇窗户开着。
【考例】
The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,____are beyond our control.
A. most of them
B. most of which
C. most of what
D. most of that
解析:B。本题考查“介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。由于逗号之后是一个完整的句子,先行词factors在定语从句中作most of的宾语,故用关系代词which代替factors,并且引导定语从句。如果此题的后面部分去掉are,则选用A项,构成独立主格结构。
当非谓语部分为由介词in连接的两个名词时,两个名词通常要么不加任何成分,要么同时加上冠词和物主代词。例如:
The soldier stood in front of the gate, (a) gun in (his) hand.士兵站在门口,手里端着枪。
四、with复合结构
其构成是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。充当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。例如:
With the bridge repaired, the walkers on it felt safe. 桥修好了,走在上面的人感到安全了。
With you to help me, I’m sure we will do it better. 有你来帮忙,我相信我们会把它做得更好。
The audience were very surprised, with their mouths wide open. 观众们很惊讶,嘴巴张得大大的。
With a guide leading the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spring.有向导领着路,他们毫不费力地找到了温泉。
在with复合结构中,当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是宾补动作的承受者时,用过去分词。例如:
The fellow stood there, with his hands crossed. 那个家伙两手交叉,站在那里。
宾语his hands与宾补cross之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是宾补动作的承受者,应使用过去分词。
【考例】
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work____ , he gladly accepted it.
A. finished____B. finishing
C. having finishedD. was finished
解析:A。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语his work与作宾补的分词含有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用表示被动意义的过去分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾补动作是宾语发出的动作,并且强调动作正在进行,用现在分词。例如:
With loud noise going on outside, I can’t concentrate on my homework.外面巨大的噪音一直持续不停,我无法专心做作业。
宾语noise与宾补go on之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾补动作是宾语主动发出的,应使用现在分词。
【考例】
—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work____my mind, I almost break down.
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled
解析:B。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语so much work与作宾补的动词fill之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,应使用表示主动意义的现在分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,而这种主谓关系尚未发生,或表示将来的动作、状态时,用不定式。例如:
With this book to help you, you can finish your work as soon as possible. 有这本书帮忙,你能尽快完成工作。
宾语this book和宾补help之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且表示将来的意义,应使用不定式作宾补。
五、与分词短语作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,主句与从句的主语一致。例如:
Time permitting, we’d better have a holiday at weekends. (=If time permits, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.) 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
该题是独立主格结构作状语,状语从句的主语与主句主语不一致。
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.(=When we see from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.)从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
该题是分词作状语,状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
【考例】
____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk B. Walking
C. WalkedD. Having walked
解析:B。考查分词作状语。“walk”这一动作是其逻辑主语“he”主动发出的动作,且表示伴随情况,故应选用表示主动意义的现在分词作状语。A项不定式通常表示目的状语;D项分词的完成式强调动作在主句动作之前已经完成,与句意不符;B项是过去分词,walk是不及物动词,不能使用过去分词作状语。
六、与独立成分的异同
(1)有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑主语。如:generally speaking(总的说来);judging from / by...(从……判断);supposing...(假如……)等。例如:
Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他的口音判断,他肯定是南方人。
Supposing he is absent tomorrow, what shall we do? 如果他明天不来,我们该怎么办?
【考例】
____ , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
解析:C。generally speaking意思是“总的说来”,是独立存在的分词短语,已经变成了习惯用法。该句意思是:总的说来,照相机越贵,它的质量越好。
(2)有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。如:to be honest(老实说),to be sure(确实),
to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to be frank(坦率地说),to make matters / things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。例如:
To tell you the truth, he lied to us. 说实话,他对我们说谎了。
To be frank, he isn’t interested in art at all. 坦率地说,他对艺术一点也不感兴趣。
【巩固练习】
1. The fish____bad, the guests left much of it untouched.
A. tasted____ B. tasting
C. to taste____ D. having tasted
2. Everything____into consideration, they should give up the chance.
A. to takeB. taken
C. takingD. to be taken
3.____, we can go fishing by the lake.
A. SundayB. It is Sunday
C. As Sunday D. It being Sunday
4.With the whole class____ ,the new teacher felt uneasy.
A. stared at her
B. staring at her
C. being stared with her
D. to stare ather
5. Weather____ , I will go on a picnic with you this Saturday.
A. permitB. to permit
C. permittedD. permitting
6. Her money____ , she couldn’t buy a train ticket to her home.
A. stealingB. to be stolen
C. having stolenD. stolen
7. The poor boy lay on his back, his clothes____open and his eyes____on the sky.
A. torn; fixed B. tearing; fixed
C. torn; fixingD. being torn; fixing
8. Skins____to sunlight too much time, you will suffer.
A. exposing B. exposed
C. having exposed D. to expose
9. Without anyone____the way in that forest, you will certainly get lost in the coming week.
A. leadingB. to lead
C. ledD. being led
10.____, they had to get down to business.
A. As there has no time left
B. There was no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
11. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly,____ .
A. her long hair flowed in the breeze
B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze
C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze
D. her long hair flowing in the breeze
12. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth____and his eyes ____ .
A. closed; open
B. closed; opened
C. closing; open
D. closing; opening
13.____ , we have to get down to business right away.
A. As there was no time left
B. There is no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
14. She stood there,____from her cheeks.
A. tears’ rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
15.____ , we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
Keys:
1. B。taste表示“尝起来”,为连系动词,没有被动,所以不能用过去分词; 同时从“the guests left much of it untouched”来判断,该动作已经发生,不能用不定式;在此不强调taste与主句谓语动词发生的时间上的前后,也不能用完成式。
2. B。everything是动作take的承受者,所以用过去分词。
3. D。分词的主语与主句的主语不一致,所以分词的逻辑主语不能省略。“It being Sunday”相当于“As it is Sunday”。
4. B。stare这一动作是the whole class发出的,表示主动,从句意“这位新老师感到不安”来看,说明该动作业已发生。
5. D。permit在此用作不及物动词。“Weather permitting”相当于“If weather permits”。
6. D。money与steal之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词表示被动。
7. A。tear“撕开”,为及物动词,构成短语tear sth. open;fix构成短语fix one’s eyes on。
8. B。expose“使暴露”,为及物动词。
9. B。从主句判断,该事情还没有发生,所以用不定式表示将来的事情。
10. C。“There being no time left”相当于“As there was no time left”。
11. D。“her long hair flowing in the breeze”相当于“with her long hair flowing in the breeze”。
12. A。close与mouth是逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用过去分词作宾补;open本身是形容词,可作宾补。
13. C。这里,There being no time left = As there is no time left。
14. D。roll down是tears主动发出的动作,应使用表示主动意义的现在分词。
15. C。say与goodbye 有逻辑上的动宾关系,应使用表示被动意义的过去分词。
(责任编辑 黄 晓 周侯辰)