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Abstract This study was conducted to explore the effects of medium regulation on insect community. Sludge compost， waste crumb rubber and fly ash were added in soil at the Tianjin Binhai International Airport. By sampling method， insect community and diversity were surveyed in Tianjin Binhai International Airport. The results showed that a total of 1 288 insects were collected， belonging to 8 orders， 17 families and 21 species， with Orthoptera， Coleoptera and Diptera as the dominant groups. The species and individual numbers of insects showed the same trend with the order of sludge>control>fly ash>crumb rubber. Compared with the control area， the individual number and species of insects in the crumb rubber area decreased by 41.3% and 38.9%， respectively. Moreover， the species richness and diversity of insects in the crumb rubber area were the lowest， 1.39 and 0.46 lower than that of the control area， respectively， indicating that crumb rubber can effectively reduce the number and the diversity of insects at the airport.
Key words Tianjin Binhai International Airport； Wastes； Medium regulation； Insect community； Diversity
Soil environment is an important constituent of airport ecosystem， which is an important place for the survival and activities of vegetation， insects and other organisms. The addition of some exogenous media such as organic matter， fly ash and sludge compost would change soil pH， water content， nitrogen content and various mineral elements[1-4]， thereby increasing or reducing species and richness of vegetation， and the number and diversity of insects are further affected[5-6].
In recent years， in the improvement of soil properties， more studies were focused on the effects of waste crumb rubber， fly ash and sludge compost on aboveground vegetation[7-8]， while there were few studies on insect community at airport. Booher et al.[9] applied soil conditioners （cow dung， swine wastewater and anhydrous ammonia） into soil， and found that they had certain effect on mites in soil. Wu et al.[10] performed lime improvement on turf soil of Fuzhou Changle International Airport， and found that the population density and number of insects， especially the survival rate of Popillia fukiensis Machatschke larvae， were effectively reduced. In order to investigate the effect of exogenous substances on insect community at Tianjin Binhai International Airport， sludge compost， waste crumb rubber and fly ash were added in soil of the experimental areas， and insect species， number and diversity were surveyed. The aim was to explore a waste regulating agent to effectively reduce insect species， number and diversity， thereby reducing the attraction to birds. This study would provide a scientific theoretical basis for the reduction of bird strike at airport. Materials and Methods
Background of experimental site
The experimental area is a vegetation area near to the southwest runway of Tianjin airport， which is located at 39.12°N，117.33°E， with an altitude of 3 m. The soil is loam， which has a pH value of 7.5-8.3. The soil has following physicochemical properties： water content 11.7%-15.8%， bulk density 1.46 g/cm3， organic matter 28.7 g/kg， total nitrogen 2.37 g/kg， and available phosphorus 21.43 mg/kg. The average annual temperature is 11.8 ℃， the average annual precipitation is 598 mm， and the frost-free season is 188 d. There were various vegetations， and after two years of medium regulation， main vegetations were Heteropappus altaicus， Cirsium setosum， Humulus scandens and Hemistepta lyrata.
Experimental design
The total area of the experimental area was 15 m×20 m， and four treatments were designed. Each treatment had an area of 6.7 m×15 m， which was divided into three pieces， each having an area of 6.7 m×5 m， i.e.， each treatment had three replications. The four treatments were as follows： ① control area， no addition， ② crumb rubber area， adding crumb rubber at a rate of 100 t/hm2， ③ sludge compost area， applying sludge compost at a rate of 250 t/hm2， and ④ fly ash， applying fly ash at a rate of 250 t/hm2. The vegetations all grew naturally. During the experimental period， the vegetations were cut normally， once every half month.
Investigation method
The insect community was investigated in the experimental areas during June-August in 2017. Sampling was performed twice every month. Five quadrats were selected randomly in each regulation area， each having an area of 1 m×1 m. Insect specimens were collected by net catching method， and net catching was finished by the same person. Each quadrat was swept with an insect catching net （with a diameter of 30 cm） with the same strength and amplitude for 5 times. The species and number of insects caught were recorded， and the insects were taken back to laboratory for sorting and identification.
Data processing
Data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 17.0. A series of characteristic analysis was performed on various indices of insects， including richness index （D）， diversity index （H′）， dominance index （C） and evenness index （J）[11-13].
Margalef richness index： D=（S-1）/lnN；
Shannon-Wiener diversity index： H′=-ΣPi（lnPi）；
Berger-Parker dominance index： C=Nmax/N； Pielou evenness index： J=H′/lnS；
wherein Pi is the proportion of the number of the ith species in the total number of individual insects in the community； Nmax is the individual number of dominant species， and N is the individual number of all insect species； and S is the number of species in the community.
Results and Analysis
Insect community structure of medium regulation areas
From the four areas， 1 288 insects were collected， belonging to 8 orders， 17 families and 21 species （Table 1）. There were the most families and species in Lepidoptera， including 4 families and 5 species， the collected Hemiptera and Neuroptera insects were the fewest， both of which included 1 family and 1 species. The main dominant groups were Acrididae of Orthoptera， Chironomidae of Diptera and Coccinellidae of Coleoptera.
It could be seen from Table 2 that the individual numbers of insects caught in the four experimental areas differed greatly （P<0.05）， and ranked as sludge area>control area>fly ash area>crumb rubber area. Except sludge compost， crumb rubber and fly ash significantly reduced insect number， and compared with thecontrol， the numbers of insects in the crumb rubber area and the fly ash area were reduced by 6.2 and 3.6 insects/m2， respectively. For the crumb rubber area， Coleoptera and Odonata insects had non-significant differences from the control area， while insect numbers of other orders were significantly different from the control area. The numbers of Orthoptera， Diptera and Odonata insects in the sludge compost area were significantly different from those in the control area. In the fly ash area， except Hymenoptera， the insect numbers of other orders were significantly different from the control area.
Changes of insect numbers and species in regulation areas
It could be seen from Fig. 1 that in the four experimental areas， the numbers of insects had more remarkable changes from June to August， and the sludge compost area had the highest number in all the three months， followed by the control area， the fly ash area and the crumb rubber area sequentially. In June， no significant differences were found in insect number between the sludge area and the control area， but there were significant differences between the crumb rubber area， fly ash area and the control area. In July and August， the three regulation areas were significantly different from the control area. Except that the crumb rubber area showed the maximum value in July， the sludge area， the control area and the fly ash area all exhibited maximum values in August. The crumb rubber area showed the lower number of insects than the control area by 48.7%， 34.6% and 44.4% in June， July and August， respectively. The insect species caught from the four areas ranked as sludge area>control area>fly ash area>crumb rubber area. In June， there were no significant differences in species between the four areas. In July and August， there were significant differences between the sludge area， crumb rubber area， fly ash area and the control area. In various areas， the insect species were all the most in July. Specifically， the number of species in the sludge area was 2.3 species/m2， which was 12.1% higher than the control， and the numbers of species in the crumb rubber area and fly ash area were reduced by 41.2% and 29.4% compared with the control area， respectively.
Characteristics of insect community in regulation areas
It could be seen from the characteristics of insect community in the regulation areas that the four areas showed the same variation trends of richness index and diversity index， and the sludge area had the highest indices， followed by the control area， the fly ash area and the crumb rubber area sequentially. The richness and diversity indices of the crumb rubber area were reduced by 1.39 and 0.46 compared with the control area， respectively. The fly ash area had the highest dominance， and the crumb rubber area exhibited the lowest dominance. The crumb rubber area had the highest evenness index， followed by the control area， the sludge area and the fly ash area sequentially.
Discussion and Conclusions
The insect investigation showed that the dominant groups in the experimental area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport were Orthoptera， Diptera and Coleoptera. Compared with the control area， the three regulation areas differed greatly in number and species of insects， especially， the crumb rubber regulation area showed remarkably reduced species， including migratory Lepidoptera， Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The dominant species in the four areas were A. cinerea， O. infernalis and L. migratoria manilensis， and there were no differences in dominant groups.
The effects of the three different wastes on insect community showed that crumb rubber had the best inhibitory effect on insects， which remarkably reduced the species and number of insects， as well as diversity of insects. This might be related to a special odor emitted from waste rubber， and the irritating odor dispelled insects sensitive to odor， such as Carabidae and Cicadellidae， which were thus rarely found in this area. The application of waste crumb rubber into soil at different proportions could effectively reduce aboveground biomass of Lolium perenne [13]， have certain inhibitory effect on growth of plant height[14]， and affect the growth status of vegetation to a certain degree， thereby reducing the attraction to insects. The fly ash area showed no significant difference from the control area in the number of insects， indicating that fly ash has no remarkable effect in controlling insects. The application of fly ash increases the concentrations of B， Mo， As， Be and Se in plant tissue， as well as soil pH value and soil salt content， but over time， such effect is reduced remarkably[15]. Gupta et al.[16] studied the effect of fly ash on plant and insects， and found that fly ash could improve physical and chemical properties of soil， reduce the damage of pests to crops and improve crop yield， and some toxic heavy metals and radioactive elements in fly ash have certain inhibitory effect on insects.
The addition of sludge compost has a remarkable promoting effect on the increase of insect number， which is closely related to its effects of improving physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of plants[17]. Liu et al.[18] studied the effect of sludge compost on soil environment and Festuca arundinacea growth， and found that the application of mixture of sludge compost and beach soil could reduce soil pH value， increase soil nutrient content and improve F. arundina-cea biomass. As sludge compost contains large quantities of organic matter and nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium nutrients， it could improve soil physical and chemical properties and production capacity of soil[19-21]， and serves as a kind of effective fertilizer to plants， thereby promoting the growth， the biomass and diversity of plants， and more insects are attracted finally.
To sum up， the three kinds of wastes had certain effects on number， species and diversity of insects. Fly ash and crumb rubber effectively reduced number， species and diversity of insects， and crumb rubber had the most remarkable effect of inhibiting and dispelling insects. Therefore， waste crumb rubber could serve as the filling material of soil medium at airport， so as to achieve the purpose of controlling birds.
References
[1] NING CC， WANG JW， CAI KZ. The effects of organic fertilizers on soil fertility and soil environmental quality： A review[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2016， 25（1）： 175-181.
[2] ANDRADE AP， RAUBER LP， MAFRA L， et al. Changes in physical properties and organic carbon of a Kandiudox fertilized with manure[J]. Ciencia Rural， 2016， 46（5）： 809-814.
[3] ROCAPREZ L， MARTNEZ C， MARCILLA P， et al. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system.[J]. Chemosphere， 2009， 75（6）： 781-787. [4] SADEJ W， KOSEWSKA A， SADEJ W， et al. Effects of fertilizer and land-use type on soil properties and ground beetle communities[J]. Bulletin of Insectology， 2012， 65（2）： 239-246.
[5] DASKN， PATGIRI DK， BASUMATARYasumatary A， et al. Effect of Fly Ash on soil properties and rice productivity in an inceptisol of assam[J]. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science， 2015， 63（1）： 100-106.
[6] NIETUPSKI M， KOSEWSKA A， MARKUSZEWSKI B， et al. Soil management system in hazelnut groves （Corylus sp.） versus the presence of ground beetles （Coleoptera： Carabidae）[J]. Journal of Plant Protection Research， 2015， 55（1）： 26-34.
[7] ROSSINI-OLIVA S， MINGORANCEMD， PEA A. Effect of two different composts on soil quality and on the growth of various plant species in a polymetallic acidic mine soil[J]. Chemosphere， 2017， 168： 183-190.
[8] KALBE U， KRGER O， WACHTENDORFachtendorf V， et al. Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tyre granules[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization， 2013， 4（4）： 745-757.
[9] BOOHER ECJ， GREENWOOD CM， HATTEY JA. Effects of soil amendments on soil microarthropods in continuous maize in western Oklahoma[J]. Southwestern Entomologist， 2012， 37（1）： 23-30.
[10] WU CW. A preliminary study of lawn insects for Fuzhou Changle International Airport[D]. Fuzhou： Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， 2014.
[11] WU LF， JIANG WH， LIU Y， et al. Effects of different forest stand types on diversity of insect community[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2017， 37（7）： 2217-2224.
[12] GAO YM， WU PF. Effects of alpine meadow degradation on soil insect diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2016， 36（8）： 2327-2336.
[13] ZHAO S， WANG L， DUO L. Effects of waste crumb rubber on medium characters and growth of Lolium perenne L.[J]. Pakistan Journal of Botany， 2009， 41（6）： 2893-2900.
[14] WANG LL， ZHAO SL， LIU Y， et al. Turf root zone medium amended by waste crumb rubber and ecological responses of turfgrass[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research， 2007， 27（2）： 233-237.
[15] ADRIANO DC， WEBER J， BOLAN NS， et al. Effects of high rates of coal fly ash on soil， turfgrass， and groundwater quality[J]. Water， Air and Soil Pollution， 2002， 139（4）： 365-385.
[16] GUPTA AK， SINGH RP， IBRAHIM MH， et al. Fly ash for agriculture： implications for soil properties， nutrients， heavy metals， plant growth and pest control[M]. Agroecology and Strategies for Climate Change. Springer Netherlands， 2012.
[17] SONG U， LEE EJ. Ecophysiological responses of plants after sewage sludge compost applications[J]. Journal of Plant Biology， 2010， 53（4）： 259-267.
[18] LIU Q， CHEN L， HUANG Y， et al. Effects of application of sewage sludge compost on soil environment and Festuca arundinacea Schreb[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science， 2009， 28（1）： 199-203.
[19] YANG XQ， WANG CD， YANG JY. Research on effect of sludge compost in agricultural utilization[J]. Jiangsu Environmental Science and Technology， 2008， 21（1）： 30-32.
[20] VACA R， LUGO J， MARTNEZ R， et al. Effects of sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost amendment on soil properties and Zea mays L. plants （heavy metals， quality and productivity）[J]. Revista Internacional De Contaminacion Ambiental， 2011， 27（4）： 303-311.
[21] KRZYWYGAWRONSKA E. Effect of combustion wastes and sewage sludge compost on the chemical properties of soil[J]. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology， 2013， 15（3）： 48-54.
Key words Tianjin Binhai International Airport； Wastes； Medium regulation； Insect community； Diversity
Soil environment is an important constituent of airport ecosystem， which is an important place for the survival and activities of vegetation， insects and other organisms. The addition of some exogenous media such as organic matter， fly ash and sludge compost would change soil pH， water content， nitrogen content and various mineral elements[1-4]， thereby increasing or reducing species and richness of vegetation， and the number and diversity of insects are further affected[5-6].
In recent years， in the improvement of soil properties， more studies were focused on the effects of waste crumb rubber， fly ash and sludge compost on aboveground vegetation[7-8]， while there were few studies on insect community at airport. Booher et al.[9] applied soil conditioners （cow dung， swine wastewater and anhydrous ammonia） into soil， and found that they had certain effect on mites in soil. Wu et al.[10] performed lime improvement on turf soil of Fuzhou Changle International Airport， and found that the population density and number of insects， especially the survival rate of Popillia fukiensis Machatschke larvae， were effectively reduced. In order to investigate the effect of exogenous substances on insect community at Tianjin Binhai International Airport， sludge compost， waste crumb rubber and fly ash were added in soil of the experimental areas， and insect species， number and diversity were surveyed. The aim was to explore a waste regulating agent to effectively reduce insect species， number and diversity， thereby reducing the attraction to birds. This study would provide a scientific theoretical basis for the reduction of bird strike at airport. Materials and Methods
Background of experimental site
The experimental area is a vegetation area near to the southwest runway of Tianjin airport， which is located at 39.12°N，117.33°E， with an altitude of 3 m. The soil is loam， which has a pH value of 7.5-8.3. The soil has following physicochemical properties： water content 11.7%-15.8%， bulk density 1.46 g/cm3， organic matter 28.7 g/kg， total nitrogen 2.37 g/kg， and available phosphorus 21.43 mg/kg. The average annual temperature is 11.8 ℃， the average annual precipitation is 598 mm， and the frost-free season is 188 d. There were various vegetations， and after two years of medium regulation， main vegetations were Heteropappus altaicus， Cirsium setosum， Humulus scandens and Hemistepta lyrata.
Experimental design
The total area of the experimental area was 15 m×20 m， and four treatments were designed. Each treatment had an area of 6.7 m×15 m， which was divided into three pieces， each having an area of 6.7 m×5 m， i.e.， each treatment had three replications. The four treatments were as follows： ① control area， no addition， ② crumb rubber area， adding crumb rubber at a rate of 100 t/hm2， ③ sludge compost area， applying sludge compost at a rate of 250 t/hm2， and ④ fly ash， applying fly ash at a rate of 250 t/hm2. The vegetations all grew naturally. During the experimental period， the vegetations were cut normally， once every half month.
Investigation method
The insect community was investigated in the experimental areas during June-August in 2017. Sampling was performed twice every month. Five quadrats were selected randomly in each regulation area， each having an area of 1 m×1 m. Insect specimens were collected by net catching method， and net catching was finished by the same person. Each quadrat was swept with an insect catching net （with a diameter of 30 cm） with the same strength and amplitude for 5 times. The species and number of insects caught were recorded， and the insects were taken back to laboratory for sorting and identification.
Data processing
Data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 17.0. A series of characteristic analysis was performed on various indices of insects， including richness index （D）， diversity index （H′）， dominance index （C） and evenness index （J）[11-13].
Margalef richness index： D=（S-1）/lnN；
Shannon-Wiener diversity index： H′=-ΣPi（lnPi）；
Berger-Parker dominance index： C=Nmax/N； Pielou evenness index： J=H′/lnS；
wherein Pi is the proportion of the number of the ith species in the total number of individual insects in the community； Nmax is the individual number of dominant species， and N is the individual number of all insect species； and S is the number of species in the community.
Results and Analysis
Insect community structure of medium regulation areas
From the four areas， 1 288 insects were collected， belonging to 8 orders， 17 families and 21 species （Table 1）. There were the most families and species in Lepidoptera， including 4 families and 5 species， the collected Hemiptera and Neuroptera insects were the fewest， both of which included 1 family and 1 species. The main dominant groups were Acrididae of Orthoptera， Chironomidae of Diptera and Coccinellidae of Coleoptera.
It could be seen from Table 2 that the individual numbers of insects caught in the four experimental areas differed greatly （P<0.05）， and ranked as sludge area>control area>fly ash area>crumb rubber area. Except sludge compost， crumb rubber and fly ash significantly reduced insect number， and compared with thecontrol， the numbers of insects in the crumb rubber area and the fly ash area were reduced by 6.2 and 3.6 insects/m2， respectively. For the crumb rubber area， Coleoptera and Odonata insects had non-significant differences from the control area， while insect numbers of other orders were significantly different from the control area. The numbers of Orthoptera， Diptera and Odonata insects in the sludge compost area were significantly different from those in the control area. In the fly ash area， except Hymenoptera， the insect numbers of other orders were significantly different from the control area.
Changes of insect numbers and species in regulation areas
It could be seen from Fig. 1 that in the four experimental areas， the numbers of insects had more remarkable changes from June to August， and the sludge compost area had the highest number in all the three months， followed by the control area， the fly ash area and the crumb rubber area sequentially. In June， no significant differences were found in insect number between the sludge area and the control area， but there were significant differences between the crumb rubber area， fly ash area and the control area. In July and August， the three regulation areas were significantly different from the control area. Except that the crumb rubber area showed the maximum value in July， the sludge area， the control area and the fly ash area all exhibited maximum values in August. The crumb rubber area showed the lower number of insects than the control area by 48.7%， 34.6% and 44.4% in June， July and August， respectively. The insect species caught from the four areas ranked as sludge area>control area>fly ash area>crumb rubber area. In June， there were no significant differences in species between the four areas. In July and August， there were significant differences between the sludge area， crumb rubber area， fly ash area and the control area. In various areas， the insect species were all the most in July. Specifically， the number of species in the sludge area was 2.3 species/m2， which was 12.1% higher than the control， and the numbers of species in the crumb rubber area and fly ash area were reduced by 41.2% and 29.4% compared with the control area， respectively.
Characteristics of insect community in regulation areas
It could be seen from the characteristics of insect community in the regulation areas that the four areas showed the same variation trends of richness index and diversity index， and the sludge area had the highest indices， followed by the control area， the fly ash area and the crumb rubber area sequentially. The richness and diversity indices of the crumb rubber area were reduced by 1.39 and 0.46 compared with the control area， respectively. The fly ash area had the highest dominance， and the crumb rubber area exhibited the lowest dominance. The crumb rubber area had the highest evenness index， followed by the control area， the sludge area and the fly ash area sequentially.
Discussion and Conclusions
The insect investigation showed that the dominant groups in the experimental area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport were Orthoptera， Diptera and Coleoptera. Compared with the control area， the three regulation areas differed greatly in number and species of insects， especially， the crumb rubber regulation area showed remarkably reduced species， including migratory Lepidoptera， Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The dominant species in the four areas were A. cinerea， O. infernalis and L. migratoria manilensis， and there were no differences in dominant groups.
The effects of the three different wastes on insect community showed that crumb rubber had the best inhibitory effect on insects， which remarkably reduced the species and number of insects， as well as diversity of insects. This might be related to a special odor emitted from waste rubber， and the irritating odor dispelled insects sensitive to odor， such as Carabidae and Cicadellidae， which were thus rarely found in this area. The application of waste crumb rubber into soil at different proportions could effectively reduce aboveground biomass of Lolium perenne [13]， have certain inhibitory effect on growth of plant height[14]， and affect the growth status of vegetation to a certain degree， thereby reducing the attraction to insects. The fly ash area showed no significant difference from the control area in the number of insects， indicating that fly ash has no remarkable effect in controlling insects. The application of fly ash increases the concentrations of B， Mo， As， Be and Se in plant tissue， as well as soil pH value and soil salt content， but over time， such effect is reduced remarkably[15]. Gupta et al.[16] studied the effect of fly ash on plant and insects， and found that fly ash could improve physical and chemical properties of soil， reduce the damage of pests to crops and improve crop yield， and some toxic heavy metals and radioactive elements in fly ash have certain inhibitory effect on insects.
The addition of sludge compost has a remarkable promoting effect on the increase of insect number， which is closely related to its effects of improving physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of plants[17]. Liu et al.[18] studied the effect of sludge compost on soil environment and Festuca arundinacea growth， and found that the application of mixture of sludge compost and beach soil could reduce soil pH value， increase soil nutrient content and improve F. arundina-cea biomass. As sludge compost contains large quantities of organic matter and nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium nutrients， it could improve soil physical and chemical properties and production capacity of soil[19-21]， and serves as a kind of effective fertilizer to plants， thereby promoting the growth， the biomass and diversity of plants， and more insects are attracted finally.
To sum up， the three kinds of wastes had certain effects on number， species and diversity of insects. Fly ash and crumb rubber effectively reduced number， species and diversity of insects， and crumb rubber had the most remarkable effect of inhibiting and dispelling insects. Therefore， waste crumb rubber could serve as the filling material of soil medium at airport， so as to achieve the purpose of controlling birds.
References
[1] NING CC， WANG JW， CAI KZ. The effects of organic fertilizers on soil fertility and soil environmental quality： A review[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2016， 25（1）： 175-181.
[2] ANDRADE AP， RAUBER LP， MAFRA L， et al. Changes in physical properties and organic carbon of a Kandiudox fertilized with manure[J]. Ciencia Rural， 2016， 46（5）： 809-814.
[3] ROCAPREZ L， MARTNEZ C， MARCILLA P， et al. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system.[J]. Chemosphere， 2009， 75（6）： 781-787. [4] SADEJ W， KOSEWSKA A， SADEJ W， et al. Effects of fertilizer and land-use type on soil properties and ground beetle communities[J]. Bulletin of Insectology， 2012， 65（2）： 239-246.
[5] DASKN， PATGIRI DK， BASUMATARYasumatary A， et al. Effect of Fly Ash on soil properties and rice productivity in an inceptisol of assam[J]. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science， 2015， 63（1）： 100-106.
[6] NIETUPSKI M， KOSEWSKA A， MARKUSZEWSKI B， et al. Soil management system in hazelnut groves （Corylus sp.） versus the presence of ground beetles （Coleoptera： Carabidae）[J]. Journal of Plant Protection Research， 2015， 55（1）： 26-34.
[7] ROSSINI-OLIVA S， MINGORANCEMD， PEA A. Effect of two different composts on soil quality and on the growth of various plant species in a polymetallic acidic mine soil[J]. Chemosphere， 2017， 168： 183-190.
[8] KALBE U， KRGER O， WACHTENDORFachtendorf V， et al. Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tyre granules[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization， 2013， 4（4）： 745-757.
[9] BOOHER ECJ， GREENWOOD CM， HATTEY JA. Effects of soil amendments on soil microarthropods in continuous maize in western Oklahoma[J]. Southwestern Entomologist， 2012， 37（1）： 23-30.
[10] WU CW. A preliminary study of lawn insects for Fuzhou Changle International Airport[D]. Fuzhou： Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， 2014.
[11] WU LF， JIANG WH， LIU Y， et al. Effects of different forest stand types on diversity of insect community[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2017， 37（7）： 2217-2224.
[12] GAO YM， WU PF. Effects of alpine meadow degradation on soil insect diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2016， 36（8）： 2327-2336.
[13] ZHAO S， WANG L， DUO L. Effects of waste crumb rubber on medium characters and growth of Lolium perenne L.[J]. Pakistan Journal of Botany， 2009， 41（6）： 2893-2900.
[14] WANG LL， ZHAO SL， LIU Y， et al. Turf root zone medium amended by waste crumb rubber and ecological responses of turfgrass[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research， 2007， 27（2）： 233-237.
[15] ADRIANO DC， WEBER J， BOLAN NS， et al. Effects of high rates of coal fly ash on soil， turfgrass， and groundwater quality[J]. Water， Air and Soil Pollution， 2002， 139（4）： 365-385.
[16] GUPTA AK， SINGH RP， IBRAHIM MH， et al. Fly ash for agriculture： implications for soil properties， nutrients， heavy metals， plant growth and pest control[M]. Agroecology and Strategies for Climate Change. Springer Netherlands， 2012.
[17] SONG U， LEE EJ. Ecophysiological responses of plants after sewage sludge compost applications[J]. Journal of Plant Biology， 2010， 53（4）： 259-267.
[18] LIU Q， CHEN L， HUANG Y， et al. Effects of application of sewage sludge compost on soil environment and Festuca arundinacea Schreb[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science， 2009， 28（1）： 199-203.
[19] YANG XQ， WANG CD， YANG JY. Research on effect of sludge compost in agricultural utilization[J]. Jiangsu Environmental Science and Technology， 2008， 21（1）： 30-32.
[20] VACA R， LUGO J， MARTNEZ R， et al. Effects of sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost amendment on soil properties and Zea mays L. plants （heavy metals， quality and productivity）[J]. Revista Internacional De Contaminacion Ambiental， 2011， 27（4）： 303-311.
[21] KRZYWYGAWRONSKA E. Effect of combustion wastes and sewage sludge compost on the chemical properties of soil[J]. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology， 2013， 15（3）： 48-54.