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Granular materials exhibit abundant dissipations due to fluctuations in both granular motions and configurations (i.e., granular skeleton) evolutions. Twin granular temperatures T k and T e are introduced accounting for two types of fluctuations, and the so-called twin granular temperatures theory is established as an extension of granular solid hydrodynamics. By using simulations, the nonaffine deformations in a 2D assembly are simulated by using discrete element methods. By analogizing with microdamages in deformed solids, double scalar damage variables, D P and D q , are proposed to describe the deformed granular solid under triaxial compressions. Granular flows are found intrinsically turbulent due to the presence of T k and the Naiver-Stokes equation is obtained for granular flows.
Granular materials exhaust with both granular motions and configurations (ie, granular skeleton) evolutions. Twin granular temperatures T k and T e are accounted for two types of fluctuations, and the so-called twin granular temperatures theory is established By using simulations, the nonaffine deformations in a 2D assembly are simulated by using discrete element methods. By analogizing with microdamages in deformed solids, double scalar damage variables, DP and D q, are proposed to describe the deformed granular solid under triaxial compressions. Granular flows are found intrinsically turbulent due to the presence of T k and the Naiver-Stokes equation is obtained for granular flows.