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19世纪末、20世纪初,随着各种非官方化的组织机构、社会公共事业、公共活动场所及社会运动的兴起,上海在社会层面产生了某种较为成熟的公共领域。这一领域独立于国家行政框架之外或处于其边缘,不依赖于政治权力而运转,在生长发育过程中依靠非官方的民间力量,逐渐建构起一套相对独立的规制化的整合机制。这套机制的有效运作,使公共领域的整合功能不断增强,一个新兴的社会阶级——市民阶级因之在上海城市社会结构演变过程中逐渐崛起。
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the rise of various unofficial organizations, social and public utilities, public activity venues and social movements, Shanghai had some more mature public sphere at the social level. This area is independent of or at the periphery of the administrative framework of the state and operates independently of political power. It relies on unofficial non-governmental forces during its growth and development and gradually establishes a relatively independent and regulative integration mechanism. The effective operation of this mechanism has continuously strengthened the integration function in the public domain. As a result, the ascendancy of the civic class has gradually taken shape in the evolvement of Shanghai’s urban social structure.