现代社会学奠基者涂尔干认为,从机械团结向有机团结的社会转型时期有一个潜在的危险:旧被摧毁,新未建立,很可能出现社会道德规范的真空或“失范”(anomie)状态。默顿中层理论的典型范例——越轨失范理论在涂尔干的基础上发展而来,但赋予它的含义及表述方式有所不同。个人认为解释得更为具体和完备。他提出了两项相互联系具有决定作用的因素——社会文化目标及实现目标的制度性手段,“当个人无法利用制度性手段去达到社会文化目标, Durkheim, the founder of modern sociology, argues that there is a potential danger during the transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity: old demolitions, new ones that are not yet established, and the possible vacuum or ”anomie“ of social morality )status. The typical example of Merton’s middle-level theory, the theory of transgressions and degenerations, developed on the basis of Durkheim but gave different meanings and expressions. Personally think that explained more concrete and complete. He put forward two interconnected factors that have a decisive role - the social and cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve the goal. ”When individuals can not use institutional means to achieve social and cultural goals,