清朝末年以光绪皇帝为代表的统治者在遭受甲午惨败和庚子事变的两次沉重打击之后,痛定思痛,改弦易辙,乃决定全面推行经济政治制度的改革。这种改革决不能仅仅简单地指斥为欺骗舆论,蛊惑人心。它与洋务运动不同。洋务运动,正象一般人常说的那样,是“师夷之长技”,但对中国的腐朽政治经济社会制度几乎未有什么触及。而清末的改革则重在制度上的变革,它全面引进西方现代资本主义制度,对中国社会实行全面的除旧布新。在政治、经济、教 The rulers, represented by the Emperor Guangxu at the end of the Qing dynasty, affirmed their mistakes and changed their ways in the face of two heavy blows in the Sino-Japanese War and the Gengzi Incident. They decided to fully implement the reform of the economic and political system. Such reform must not simply be used as a deterrent to public opinion and demagogy. It is different from the Westernization movement. The Westernization Movement, just as most people often say, is “a long-term mastery of the barbarians.” However, it has barely touched upon China’s decadent political, economic and social system. However, the reform in the late Qing dynasty focused on institutional changes. It introduced a comprehensive system of modern capitalism in the West and implemented a comprehensive system of removing old cloths to Chinese society. In politics, economics, teaching