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摘 要 目的:建立吲達帕胺(IDP)-β-环糊精(β-CD)包合物的含量测定方法并优化其制备工艺,对所制包合物进行物相鉴定及体外释放度考察。方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定IDP-β-CD包合物中IDP的含量;采用溶液-搅拌法制备IDP-β-CD包合物,以包合率为考察指标,采用正交试验优化制备工艺;比较不同干燥法对包合率和载药率的影响;采用红外光谱分析(IR)法和差式扫描量热法(DSC)对IDP-β-CD包合物进行物相鉴定;通过体外释放度试验考察不同干燥法对IDP-β-CD包合物释放行为的影响。结果:IDP的检测质量浓度线性范围为2.0~14.0 μg/mL(r=0.999 7);定量限、检测限分别为0.204、0.067 μg/mL;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于2%;加样回收率为98.8%~101.8%(RSD=1.10%,n=6)。最优制备工艺为β-CD与IDP摩尔比为3 ∶ 1,包合时间为3 h,搅拌速度为300 r/min;所得包合物的平均包合率为72.81%。IR和DSC分析结果均显示,IDP与β-CD通过物理作用形成包合物。经喷雾干燥后,IDP-β-CD包合物的包合率为(60.96±0.25)%、载药率为(4.18±0.12)%;经冷冻干燥后,其包合率为(77.31±0.51)%、载药率为(5.31±0.27)%。12 h内,IDP 原料药、IDP-β-CD包合物(分别经冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥制备)的累积释放度分别为37.2%、42.5%、81.9%;与IDP 原料药相比,喷雾干燥所得IDP-β-CD包合物的累积释放度升高更为明显。结论:所建含量测定方法简便、准确;优化的包合物制备工艺稳定、可行,成功制得IDP-β-CD包合物,且喷雾干燥法可获得释放度更高的包合物。
关键词 吲达帕胺;β-环糊精;包合物;工艺优化;物相鉴定;体外释放
Study on Preparation Phase Identification and Release Rate in vitro of Inclusion Compound of Indapamide-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Compound
SONG Meijia,HAN Jingtian,TIAN Baocheng(College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Yantai 264003, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for content determination of indapamide (IDP)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion compound, optimize the preparation technology, carry out phase identification and in vivo release study of it. METHODS: UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of IDP in IDP-β-CD inclusion compound. IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was prepared by the solution-stirring method and the preparation technology was optimized by the orthogonal experiment using inclusion rate as index. The inclusion rate and drug-loading rate were compared between different drying methods. Phase identification of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was verified by IR and DSC. The cumulative release rate of inclusion compound was tested by in vitro experiment. RESULTS: The linear range of concentration of IDP was 2.0-14.0 μg/mL (r=0.999 7). The quantitative limit and detection limit were 0.204, 0.067 μg/mL, respectively. RSDs of precision, stability and repeatability tests were all less than 2%. The recoveries range was 98.8%-101.8%(RSD=1.10%,n=6). The optimum technology conditions were as follows the molar ratio of β-CD to IDP was 3 ∶ 1, the inclusion time was 3 h, and the stirring speed was 300 r/min. Average inclusion rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was 72.81%. IR and DSC analysis showed that IDP and β-CD formed inclusion compound through physical interaction. After spray drying, the inclusion rate and drug-loading rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound were (60.96±0.25)% and (4.18±0.12)%. After freeze-drying, the inclusion rate and drug-loading rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound were (77.31±0.51)% and (5.31±0.27)%. Accumulative release rates of IDP, IDP-β-CD inclusion compound (by freeze-drying and spray drying) were 37.2%, 42.5% and 81.9% within 12 h, respectively. Compared with IDP raw material, accumulative release rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound increased significantly after spray drying. CONCLUSIONS: Established method is simple and accurate. The optimal preparation technology of inclusion compound is stable and feasible. IDP-β-CD inclusion compound is prepared successfully. The inclusion compound prepared by spray drying shows higher release rate. KEYWORDS Indapamide; β-cyclodextrin; Inclusion compound; Technology optimization; Phase identification; in vitro release rate
吲达帕胺(Indapamide,IDP)为噻嗪类利尿药(结构见图1),具有利尿和钙拮抗作用,是一种长效降压药,该药在发挥降压作用的同时,对心肌细胞及肾脏也表现出明显的保护作用[1]。由于IDP在水中溶解度极低,使得其在体内吸收较差、生物利用度较低,因此限制了其相关制剂的开发和应用[2-3]。β-环糊精(β-CD)为常用的包合材料,其水溶性较好且毒性较低,难溶性药物被其包合后,可使药物溶解度得以改善、溶出增加、生物利用度增大[4-5]。有研究发现,β-CD包合物不仅可以改善药物溶出,还可提高药物稳定性,改善药物的不良臭味[4-5]。为解决IDP生物利用度低和水溶性差的问题,本研究以β-CD为包合材料制备了IDP-β-CD包合物,通过正交试验以包合率为指标对处方工艺进行了优化,并对经喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥的IDP-β-CD包合物进行了物相鉴定及体外释药考察,旨在为其相关制剂的开发提供参考。
图1 IDP化学结构
Fig 1 Chemical structure of IDP
1 材料
1.1 仪器
TU-1901型双光束紫外-可见分光光计,包括光源、单色器、吸收池、检测器、显示器(北京普析通用仪器有限公司);EL204型万分之一电子天平、TGA/DSC3+型热重及同步热分析仪(瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司);SHZ-82A型恒温振荡器(金坛市科析仪器有限公司);YC-015实验型喷雾干燥机(上海雅程仪器设备有限公司);FDU- 2110型真空冷冻干燥机(日本EYELA公司);Spotlight 400/400N型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国珀金埃尔默仪器有限公司);KQ5200B型超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
1.2 药品与试剂
IDP对照品(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号:100257-200002,纯度:>99%);IDP原料药(济南高华制药有限公司,批號:201501171,纯度:>98%);β-CD(天津登科化学试剂有限公司,批号:20150923,纯度:>98%);透析袋(截留分子量6 000~8 000 Da,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8,上海诺伦生物医药技术有限公司,批号:20180311);无水乙醇为分析纯,水为纯化水。
2 方法与结果
2.1 IDP含量测定
2.1.1 检测波长的选择 采用紫外分光光度法[6]测定IDP的含量。取IDP对照品、β-CD各10 mg,分别置于100 mL量瓶中,加无水乙醇溶解并定容,摇匀,得到对照品溶液、空白溶液。取所制得的IDP-β-CD包合物10 mg,置于100 mL量瓶中,加无水乙醇溶解,超声(功率:200 W,频率:40 kHz,下同)处理5 min,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得供试品溶液。取上述3种溶液各适量,于200~400 nm全波长范围内进行紫外光谱扫描,结果见图2。由图2可知,IDP对照品在242 nm波长处有最大吸收,β-CD在该波长处无吸收,IDP-β-CD包合物在242 nm波长处有最大吸收,空白辅料对测定无干扰,故确定检测波长为242 nm。
2.1.2 线性关系考察 取“2.1.1”项下对照品溶液适量,加无水乙醇稀释并定容,制成质量浓度分别为2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0、14.0 μg/mL的系列线性工作溶液,以无水乙醇作为空白对照,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度(y)。以待测成分质量浓度(x,μg/mL)为横坐标、吸光度(y)为纵坐标进行线性回归,得IDP的回归方程为y= 0.065 8x-0.009 7(r=0.999 7)。结果表明,IDP检测质量浓度线性范围为2.0~14.0 μg/mL。
2.1.3 定量限与检测限考察 取“2.1.1”项下对照品溶液适量,倍比稀释,分别按信噪比为10 ∶ 1、3 ∶ 1计算定量限、检测限。结果,IDP的定量限为0.204 μg/mL,检测限为0.067 μg/mL。
2.1.4 精密度试验 精密量取“2.1.2”项下系列线性工作溶液(质量浓度为2.0、8.0、14.0 μg/mL)适量,于242 nm波长处连续测定6次吸光度。结果,IDP吸光度的RSD为0.93%(n=6),表明仪器精密度良好。
2.1.5 稳定性试验 取“2.1.1”项下供试品溶液适量,分别于室温下放置2、4、8、10、12、24 h时于242 nm波长处测定吸光度。结果,IDP吸光度的RSD为0.89%(n=6),表明供试品溶液于室温下放置24 h内稳定性良好。
2.1.6 重复性试验 取IDP-β-CD包合物适量,共6份,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度并代入回归方程计算样品中IDP的含量。结果,IDP的平均含量为2.12 mg,RSD为1.14%(n=6),表明本方法重复性良好。
2.1.7 加样回收率试验 称取已知含量的IDP-β-CD包合物50 mg,共6份,置于100 mL量瓶中,加入一定量的IDP对照品溶液,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度并代入回归方程计算加样回收率,结果见表1。
2.1.8 样品含量测定 取IDP-β-CD包合物适量,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度,平行操作6次,并代入回归方程计算样品中IDP的含量。结果,IDP的含量在2.09~2.15 mg范围内。
关键词 吲达帕胺;β-环糊精;包合物;工艺优化;物相鉴定;体外释放
Study on Preparation Phase Identification and Release Rate in vitro of Inclusion Compound of Indapamide-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Compound
SONG Meijia,HAN Jingtian,TIAN Baocheng(College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Yantai 264003, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for content determination of indapamide (IDP)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion compound, optimize the preparation technology, carry out phase identification and in vivo release study of it. METHODS: UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of IDP in IDP-β-CD inclusion compound. IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was prepared by the solution-stirring method and the preparation technology was optimized by the orthogonal experiment using inclusion rate as index. The inclusion rate and drug-loading rate were compared between different drying methods. Phase identification of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was verified by IR and DSC. The cumulative release rate of inclusion compound was tested by in vitro experiment. RESULTS: The linear range of concentration of IDP was 2.0-14.0 μg/mL (r=0.999 7). The quantitative limit and detection limit were 0.204, 0.067 μg/mL, respectively. RSDs of precision, stability and repeatability tests were all less than 2%. The recoveries range was 98.8%-101.8%(RSD=1.10%,n=6). The optimum technology conditions were as follows the molar ratio of β-CD to IDP was 3 ∶ 1, the inclusion time was 3 h, and the stirring speed was 300 r/min. Average inclusion rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound was 72.81%. IR and DSC analysis showed that IDP and β-CD formed inclusion compound through physical interaction. After spray drying, the inclusion rate and drug-loading rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound were (60.96±0.25)% and (4.18±0.12)%. After freeze-drying, the inclusion rate and drug-loading rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound were (77.31±0.51)% and (5.31±0.27)%. Accumulative release rates of IDP, IDP-β-CD inclusion compound (by freeze-drying and spray drying) were 37.2%, 42.5% and 81.9% within 12 h, respectively. Compared with IDP raw material, accumulative release rate of IDP-β-CD inclusion compound increased significantly after spray drying. CONCLUSIONS: Established method is simple and accurate. The optimal preparation technology of inclusion compound is stable and feasible. IDP-β-CD inclusion compound is prepared successfully. The inclusion compound prepared by spray drying shows higher release rate. KEYWORDS Indapamide; β-cyclodextrin; Inclusion compound; Technology optimization; Phase identification; in vitro release rate
吲达帕胺(Indapamide,IDP)为噻嗪类利尿药(结构见图1),具有利尿和钙拮抗作用,是一种长效降压药,该药在发挥降压作用的同时,对心肌细胞及肾脏也表现出明显的保护作用[1]。由于IDP在水中溶解度极低,使得其在体内吸收较差、生物利用度较低,因此限制了其相关制剂的开发和应用[2-3]。β-环糊精(β-CD)为常用的包合材料,其水溶性较好且毒性较低,难溶性药物被其包合后,可使药物溶解度得以改善、溶出增加、生物利用度增大[4-5]。有研究发现,β-CD包合物不仅可以改善药物溶出,还可提高药物稳定性,改善药物的不良臭味[4-5]。为解决IDP生物利用度低和水溶性差的问题,本研究以β-CD为包合材料制备了IDP-β-CD包合物,通过正交试验以包合率为指标对处方工艺进行了优化,并对经喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥的IDP-β-CD包合物进行了物相鉴定及体外释药考察,旨在为其相关制剂的开发提供参考。
图1 IDP化学结构
Fig 1 Chemical structure of IDP
1 材料
1.1 仪器
TU-1901型双光束紫外-可见分光光计,包括光源、单色器、吸收池、检测器、显示器(北京普析通用仪器有限公司);EL204型万分之一电子天平、TGA/DSC3+型热重及同步热分析仪(瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司);SHZ-82A型恒温振荡器(金坛市科析仪器有限公司);YC-015实验型喷雾干燥机(上海雅程仪器设备有限公司);FDU- 2110型真空冷冻干燥机(日本EYELA公司);Spotlight 400/400N型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国珀金埃尔默仪器有限公司);KQ5200B型超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
1.2 药品与试剂
IDP对照品(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号:100257-200002,纯度:>99%);IDP原料药(济南高华制药有限公司,批號:201501171,纯度:>98%);β-CD(天津登科化学试剂有限公司,批号:20150923,纯度:>98%);透析袋(截留分子量6 000~8 000 Da,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8,上海诺伦生物医药技术有限公司,批号:20180311);无水乙醇为分析纯,水为纯化水。
2 方法与结果
2.1 IDP含量测定
2.1.1 检测波长的选择 采用紫外分光光度法[6]测定IDP的含量。取IDP对照品、β-CD各10 mg,分别置于100 mL量瓶中,加无水乙醇溶解并定容,摇匀,得到对照品溶液、空白溶液。取所制得的IDP-β-CD包合物10 mg,置于100 mL量瓶中,加无水乙醇溶解,超声(功率:200 W,频率:40 kHz,下同)处理5 min,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得供试品溶液。取上述3种溶液各适量,于200~400 nm全波长范围内进行紫外光谱扫描,结果见图2。由图2可知,IDP对照品在242 nm波长处有最大吸收,β-CD在该波长处无吸收,IDP-β-CD包合物在242 nm波长处有最大吸收,空白辅料对测定无干扰,故确定检测波长为242 nm。
2.1.2 线性关系考察 取“2.1.1”项下对照品溶液适量,加无水乙醇稀释并定容,制成质量浓度分别为2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0、14.0 μg/mL的系列线性工作溶液,以无水乙醇作为空白对照,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度(y)。以待测成分质量浓度(x,μg/mL)为横坐标、吸光度(y)为纵坐标进行线性回归,得IDP的回归方程为y= 0.065 8x-0.009 7(r=0.999 7)。结果表明,IDP检测质量浓度线性范围为2.0~14.0 μg/mL。
2.1.3 定量限与检测限考察 取“2.1.1”项下对照品溶液适量,倍比稀释,分别按信噪比为10 ∶ 1、3 ∶ 1计算定量限、检测限。结果,IDP的定量限为0.204 μg/mL,检测限为0.067 μg/mL。
2.1.4 精密度试验 精密量取“2.1.2”项下系列线性工作溶液(质量浓度为2.0、8.0、14.0 μg/mL)适量,于242 nm波长处连续测定6次吸光度。结果,IDP吸光度的RSD为0.93%(n=6),表明仪器精密度良好。
2.1.5 稳定性试验 取“2.1.1”项下供试品溶液适量,分别于室温下放置2、4、8、10、12、24 h时于242 nm波长处测定吸光度。结果,IDP吸光度的RSD为0.89%(n=6),表明供试品溶液于室温下放置24 h内稳定性良好。
2.1.6 重复性试验 取IDP-β-CD包合物适量,共6份,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度并代入回归方程计算样品中IDP的含量。结果,IDP的平均含量为2.12 mg,RSD为1.14%(n=6),表明本方法重复性良好。
2.1.7 加样回收率试验 称取已知含量的IDP-β-CD包合物50 mg,共6份,置于100 mL量瓶中,加入一定量的IDP对照品溶液,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度并代入回归方程计算加样回收率,结果见表1。
2.1.8 样品含量测定 取IDP-β-CD包合物适量,按“2.1.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,于242 nm波长处测定吸光度,平行操作6次,并代入回归方程计算样品中IDP的含量。结果,IDP的含量在2.09~2.15 mg范围内。