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【目的】探索河北省小麦超高产水平从9 000 kg·hm-2向10 000 kg·hm-2突破的途径,明确河北省10 000kg·hm-2以上超高产小麦的产量结构特点和各个生育时期的群体、个体特征,以及适宜的生态条件,为进一步开展可稳定实现10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量的河北省小麦超高产栽培技术体系的研究提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2014年4个小麦生长季,在高产大田设置不同品种、氮肥基追比和追氮时期处理,结合其他超高产栽培技术措施,进行小麦超高产攻关研究。将4个生长季籽粒产量9 000 kg·hm-2以上的处理分为9 000—9 500、9 500—10 000和10 000 kg·hm-2以上3个水平,分析小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2提高到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,产量结构和各个生育时期群个体性状的变化,并结合土壤肥力数据和气象数据分析实现10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量适宜的生态条件。【结果】通过3个产量水平处理的比较,河北省小麦产量从90 00 kg·hm-2提高到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,公顷穗数变化较小,穗粒数在30—35粒的概率较大,粒重显著提高。产量水平从9 000—9 500 kg·hm-2提高至9 500—10 000 kg·hm-2时,干物质积累量明显增加,进一步提高至10 000 kg·hm-2以上时收获指数有所提高。穗数800万/hm2、穗粒数在30—35粒、千粒重43 g以上、成熟期干物质积累量22 000 kg·hm-2、收获指数为0.46是河北省10 000 kg·hm-2以上超高产小麦比较理想的产量结构和调控指标。10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量水平的小麦旗叶和倒2叶叶面积均小于20 cm2,孕穗期叶面积指数为7.69—8.24,均低于9 000—9 500 kg·hm-2产量水平,但花后20 d叶面积指数在4以上,花后30 d在2以上,均高于后者。小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,土壤基础肥力和施肥量变化较小,生育期降水量和灌水量也未增加,但小麦全生育时期特别是开花至成熟阶段的积温和光照时数均有所增加。【结论】河北省实现小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2到10 000 kg·hm-2的突破,公顷穗数的增产潜力较小,提高穗粒数和粒重应作为主攻方向。大小适中、后期衰老缓慢的高质量群体是实现10 000 kg·hm-2超高产的保证,较高的基础肥力以及积温和光照较好的年型是实现10 000 kg·hm-2超高产的基础。
【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to explore the ways of wheat yield breakthrough from 9 000 kg · hm-2 to 10 000 kg · hm-2 in Hebei Province, to determine the yield structure characteristics and yield of super-high-yielding wheat more than 10,000 kg · hm-2 in Hebei Province The population, individual characteristics and suitable ecological conditions during the period provide the theoretical basis for the further research on the system of ultra-high yielding cultivation of wheat in Hebei Province, which can stably achieve the yield above 10 000 kg · hm-2. 【Method】 During the four wheat growing seasons from 2010 to 2014, the research was conducted on the super high yield of wheat in different high yielding fields with N and N topdressing and topdressing stages, and other super high-yielding cultivation techniques and measures. The grain yield of more than 9 000 kg · hm-2 in four growing seasons was divided into three levels above 9 000-9 500, 9 500-10 000 and 10 000 kg · hm-2. The wheat yield was analyzed from 9 000 kg Hm-2 was increased to more than 10 000 kg · hm-2, the yield structure and the individual traits in each growth period. Based on the soil fertility data and meteorological data analysis, the suitable ecological conditions for the yield above 10 000 kg · hm-2 . 【Result】 The results showed that the yield of wheat in Hebei Province increased from 90 00 kg · hm-2 to above 10 000 kg · hm-2 through the comparison of three yield levels. The probability of larger, significant increase in grain weight. When the yield increased from 9 000-9 500 kg · hm-2 to 9 500-10 000 kg · hm-2, the dry matter accumulation increased obviously, and the harvest index increased further above 10 000 kg · hm-2 improve. Spikes 80000 / hm2, grains per spike 30-35, grain weight 43 g or more, maturity dry matter accumulation 22000 kg · hm-2, harvest index 0.46 is more than 10 000 kg · hm-2 in Hebei Province Yield structure and control index of super high yield wheat. The flag leaf and the second leaf area of wheat with the yield above 10 000 kg · hm-2 were both less than 20 cm2 and the leaf area index at the booting stage was 7.69-8.24, both lower than the yield level of 9 000-9 500 kg · hm-2 , But the leaf area index of 20 d after anthesis was above 4 and above 30 d after anthesis, all higher than the latter. Wheat yield increased from 9 000 kg · hm-2 to above 10 000 kg · hm-2, with little change in soil basic fertility and fertilization, and no increase in precipitation and irrigation during the growth period, especially during the whole wheat growth period The accumulated temperature and light hours at maturity increased. 【Conclusion】 The breakthrough of wheat yield in Hebei Province from 9 000 kg · hm-2 to 10 000 kg · hm-2 was achieved. The earning potential of spikes per hectare was small, and the increase of grain number and grain weight should be the main direction. The medium-sized and late-aged high-quality population with low senescence is the guarantee of super-high yield of 10 000 kg · hm-2. The higher basic fertility and the better accumulated temperature and light are the high yield of 10,000 kg · hm-2 basis.