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2008年“5·12”汶川特大地震,对生态系统造成巨大威胁。为了解汶川地震灾区生态恢复总体状况,以期为灾区中长期生态恢复跟踪监测、生态恢复措施的制定和调整提供决策支持,分别以2007年、2009年、2013年代表地震前、地震后以及恢复期3个时期,采用土壤侵蚀敏感性、林冠截留量、生境适宜性等指标,分别评估了汶川地震极重灾区10个县市水土保持功能、水源涵养功能、生物多样性保护功能的状况及变化动态。结果表明:研究区的水土保持功能、水源涵养功能,以及生物多样性保护功能在震后遭到了严重破坏。总体来说5a后,区域生态服务功能得到了一定程度的恢复,但未达到震前水平。在极重灾区10个县市中,地理上位于中南部的6个县市(汶川、都江堰、什邡、彭州、绵竹、安县)在地震中总体受损程度较大。6个县市处于中国西部泥石流、滑坡的活跃区,震后因降雨诱发滑坡泥石流,导致了龙门山、茶坪山局部区域的水土保持功能、水源涵养功能、生物多样性保护功能在恢复期进一步下降,甚至低于震后。其中汶川县草坡乡、银杏乡、耿达乡、卧龙镇、三江乡有较大范围的功能下降,另外,都江堰市、彭州市、什邡市、绵竹市、安县等也分别有较大面积的功能下降区。区域生态服务功能在未来10a内,有可能进一步恶化。灾后重建一定程度上改善了区域生态功能状况,加快了生态功能恢复进程。但是,也存在对生态服务功能的恢复与维持重视不足等问题。部分灾后重建项目的实施,甚至又导致局部地区出现生态服务功能的退化。建议(1)加强汶川地震极重灾区中长期生态恢复遥感及地面监测、评估,进行生态服务功能恢复效应评估;(2)加强干旱河谷、龙门山及茶坪山等重点区域的生态修复。
2008 “5 · 12” Wenchuan earthquake, a huge threat to the ecosystem. In order to understand the overall situation of ecological restoration in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas and to provide decision-making support for the formulation and adjustment of long-term ecological restoration follow-up monitoring and ecological restoration measures in the disaster areas, respectively, in 2007, 2009 and 2013 on behalf of the pre- earthquake, post-earthquake and recovery period The soil erosion sensitivity, canopy interception and habitat suitability were used to evaluate the status of soil and water conservation function, water conservation function and biodiversity conservation function in 10 counties and cities in the severely affected area of Wenchuan earthquake respectively during the three periods . The results showed that the water and soil conservation function, water conservation function and biodiversity conservation function of the study area were severely damaged after the earthquake. Overall, after 5 a, the regional ecological service function has been restored to a certain extent, but it did not reach the pre-earthquake level. Among the 10 counties and cities severely hit by the earthquake, 6 counties (Wenchuan, Dujiangyan, Shifang, Pengzhou, Mianzhu and Anxian) geographically located in south-central China suffered a greater overall damage in the earthquake. Six counties and cities are in the active areas of debris flow and landslide in western China. After the earthquake, the landslide debris flow caused by rainfall led to the further decline of water and soil conservation function, water conservation function and biodiversity conservation function in some areas of Longmen Mountain and Chaoping Mountain in recovery period , Even lower than after the earthquake. Among them, Grassland Township, Ginkgo Township, Gengda Township, Wolong Township and Sanjiang Township in Wenchuan County have a larger range of functions, and in addition, Dujiangyan City, Pengzhou City, Shifang City, Mianzhu City and An County also have a larger area Function drop zone. Regional ecosystem services may deteriorate further in the next 10 years. The post-disaster reconstruction has improved the ecological functions of the area to a certain extent and accelerated the recovery of ecological functions. However, there are also some problems such as the recovery and maintenance of ecological service function are not enough. The implementation of some post-disaster reconstruction projects has even led to the degradation of ecological service functions in some areas. Suggestions (1) To strengthen medium-and long-term ecological restoration remote sensing and ground monitoring and assessment of the extremely-hit areas affected by the Wenchuan earthquake and evaluate the restoration effects of ecological service functions; (2) To enhance the ecological restoration of key areas such as the Arid Valley, Longmen Mountain and Chaoping Mountain.