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使用引号,直接引用他人的话,在语法上叫直接引语;去掉引号,转述他人的话,叫间接引语。由于间接引语是用引述人的语言把被引述的原话转述出来,所以在转述时有的内容要进行适当的变化,而有时却不需要变化。现对这两种情况归纳如下:
一、“变”的情况
1.人称的变化
(1)直接引语是第一人称,在间接引语中转变为第三人称。如:
He said, “I like reading.”
他说:“我喜欢看书。”
He said he liked reading.
他说他喜欢看书。
(2)直接引语是第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称;若是针对第三人称说的,转换为第三人称。如:
“You should listen carefully,” the teacher said to me.
老师对我说:“你应该仔细听讲。”
The teacher said to me that I should listen carefully.
老师对我说我应该仔细听讲。
“You mustn’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
警察对孩子们说:“不准在大街上踢球。”
The policeman said to the boys they mustn’t play football in the street.
警察对孩子们说不准他们在大街上踢球。
(3)人称的转换还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。如:
He said, “I have lost my backpack.”
他说:“我把双肩背包弄丢了。”
He said that he had lost his backpack.
他说他把双肩背包弄丢了。
She said, “The book on the desk is mine.”
她说:“桌子上的书是我的。”
She said that the book on the desk was hers.
她说桌子上的书是她的。
2.句子结构的变化
(1)直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,在口语中that常被省略。如:
She says, “I will leave a message on the desk.”
她说:“我将在桌子上留下便条。”
She says (that) she will leave a message on the desk.
她说她将在桌子上留下便条。
(2)直接引语如果是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,变为间接引语时,常用连词if或whether引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
He said, “Has she come?”
他说:“她已经来了吗?”
He asked if she had come.
他问她是否已经来了。
Her brother said, “Does she know it or not?”
她弟弟说:“她知道了吗?”
Her brother asked whether she knew it or not.
她弟弟问她是否知道。
(3)直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
He asked, “When will we arrive?”
他说:“我们将什么时候到达?”
He asked when they would arrive.
他问他们将什么时候到达。
He said, “What class are you in?”
他说:“你在哪班?”
He asked what class I was in.
他问我在哪班。
(4)直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式做宾语补足语,谓语动词常用ask, tell, order, advise, request等。如:
He says, “Close the door.”
他说:“关门。”
He asked you to close the door.
他让你关门。
“Don’t go out,” she says to me.
她说:“别出去。”
She told me not to go out.
她告诉我不要出去。
3.时态的变化
(1)一般现在时变为一般过去时。如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
他说:“这本书是你的。”
He said that book was mine.
他说那本书是我的。
(2)现在进行时变为过去进行时。如:
She said, “The children are reading a text.”
她说:“孩子们正在读课文。”
She said the children were reading a text.
她说孩子们正在读课文。
(3)现在完成时变为过去完成时。如:
He said, “I have finished my homework.”
他说:“我已经做完作业了。”
He said he had finished his homework.
他说他已经做完作业了。
(4)一般将来时变为过去将来时。如:
He said, “I’ll wait for you outside the school gate.”
他说:“我将在校门外等你。”
He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
他说他将在校门外等我。
(5)一般过去时变为过去完成时。如:
She said, “I returned the book to the library.”
她说:“我把书还给图书馆了。”
She said she had returned the book to the library.
她说她把书还给图书馆了。
4.时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等的变化,如:yesterday变为the day before;here 变为there;come变为go;this变为that;these变为those等。如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
他说:“我将待在这儿。”
He said that he would stay there.
他说他将待在那儿。
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
她说:“这些花我是为你买的。”
She said she bought those flowers for me.
她说那些花她是为我买的。
二、“不变”的情况
1.当主句的谓语为一般现在时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
他问:“你来自哪里?”
He asks where I come from.
他问我来自哪里。
2.直接引语部分有具体的时间状语时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
“It happened in 2000,” he said.
他说:“那件事发生在2000年。”
He said it happened in 2000.
他说那件事发生在2000年。
3.直接引语是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,间接引语的时态不变。如:
The boy asked, “Does water freeze at 0℃?”
男孩问:“水是否在0℃结冰?”
The boy asked if water freezes at 0℃.
男孩问水是否在0℃结冰。
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
老师说:“地球围绕太阳转。”
The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
老师说地球围绕太阳转。
4.如果是在当时、当地转述,时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
他说:“我是3天前来这儿的。”
He said he came here three days ago.
他说他是3天前来这儿的。
5.如果是说话人自己引述自己的话,有关的人称代词不用变化。人称代词的转换规则不是固定的,只要符合逻辑就行。如:
I said, “If you don’t keep quiet, I will get you out.”
我说:“如果你不保持安静,我将让你出去。”
I said to him if he didn’t keep quiet, I would get him out.
我对他说如果他不保持安静,我将让他出去。
一、“变”的情况
1.人称的变化
(1)直接引语是第一人称,在间接引语中转变为第三人称。如:
He said, “I like reading.”
他说:“我喜欢看书。”
He said he liked reading.
他说他喜欢看书。
(2)直接引语是第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称;若是针对第三人称说的,转换为第三人称。如:
“You should listen carefully,” the teacher said to me.
老师对我说:“你应该仔细听讲。”
The teacher said to me that I should listen carefully.
老师对我说我应该仔细听讲。
“You mustn’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
警察对孩子们说:“不准在大街上踢球。”
The policeman said to the boys they mustn’t play football in the street.
警察对孩子们说不准他们在大街上踢球。
(3)人称的转换还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。如:
He said, “I have lost my backpack.”
他说:“我把双肩背包弄丢了。”
He said that he had lost his backpack.
他说他把双肩背包弄丢了。
She said, “The book on the desk is mine.”
她说:“桌子上的书是我的。”
She said that the book on the desk was hers.
她说桌子上的书是她的。
2.句子结构的变化
(1)直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,在口语中that常被省略。如:
She says, “I will leave a message on the desk.”
她说:“我将在桌子上留下便条。”
She says (that) she will leave a message on the desk.
她说她将在桌子上留下便条。
(2)直接引语如果是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,变为间接引语时,常用连词if或whether引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
He said, “Has she come?”
他说:“她已经来了吗?”
He asked if she had come.
他问她是否已经来了。
Her brother said, “Does she know it or not?”
她弟弟说:“她知道了吗?”
Her brother asked whether she knew it or not.
她弟弟问她是否知道。
(3)直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
He asked, “When will we arrive?”
他说:“我们将什么时候到达?”
He asked when they would arrive.
他问他们将什么时候到达。
He said, “What class are you in?”
他说:“你在哪班?”
He asked what class I was in.
他问我在哪班。
(4)直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式做宾语补足语,谓语动词常用ask, tell, order, advise, request等。如:
He says, “Close the door.”
他说:“关门。”
He asked you to close the door.
他让你关门。
“Don’t go out,” she says to me.
她说:“别出去。”
She told me not to go out.
她告诉我不要出去。
3.时态的变化
(1)一般现在时变为一般过去时。如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
他说:“这本书是你的。”
He said that book was mine.
他说那本书是我的。
(2)现在进行时变为过去进行时。如:
She said, “The children are reading a text.”
她说:“孩子们正在读课文。”
She said the children were reading a text.
她说孩子们正在读课文。
(3)现在完成时变为过去完成时。如:
He said, “I have finished my homework.”
他说:“我已经做完作业了。”
He said he had finished his homework.
他说他已经做完作业了。
(4)一般将来时变为过去将来时。如:
He said, “I’ll wait for you outside the school gate.”
他说:“我将在校门外等你。”
He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
他说他将在校门外等我。
(5)一般过去时变为过去完成时。如:
She said, “I returned the book to the library.”
她说:“我把书还给图书馆了。”
She said she had returned the book to the library.
她说她把书还给图书馆了。
4.时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等的变化,如:yesterday变为the day before;here 变为there;come变为go;this变为that;these变为those等。如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
他说:“我将待在这儿。”
He said that he would stay there.
他说他将待在那儿。
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
她说:“这些花我是为你买的。”
She said she bought those flowers for me.
她说那些花她是为我买的。
二、“不变”的情况
1.当主句的谓语为一般现在时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
他问:“你来自哪里?”
He asks where I come from.
他问我来自哪里。
2.直接引语部分有具体的时间状语时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
“It happened in 2000,” he said.
他说:“那件事发生在2000年。”
He said it happened in 2000.
他说那件事发生在2000年。
3.直接引语是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,间接引语的时态不变。如:
The boy asked, “Does water freeze at 0℃?”
男孩问:“水是否在0℃结冰?”
The boy asked if water freezes at 0℃.
男孩问水是否在0℃结冰。
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
老师说:“地球围绕太阳转。”
The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
老师说地球围绕太阳转。
4.如果是在当时、当地转述,时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
他说:“我是3天前来这儿的。”
He said he came here three days ago.
他说他是3天前来这儿的。
5.如果是说话人自己引述自己的话,有关的人称代词不用变化。人称代词的转换规则不是固定的,只要符合逻辑就行。如:
I said, “If you don’t keep quiet, I will get you out.”
我说:“如果你不保持安静,我将让你出去。”
I said to him if he didn’t keep quiet, I would get him out.
我对他说如果他不保持安静,我将让他出去。