Thanks to the advances in geophysical measurement technologies, most geophysical data are now recorded in digital form. But to extract the ‘Earths nature’ from observed data, it is necessary to apply the signal-processing method to the time-series data, seismograms and geomagnetic records being the most common. The processing of time-series data is one of the major subjects of this book.By the processing of time series data, numerical values such as travel-times are obtained.The first stage of data analysis is forward modeling, but the more advanced step is the inversion method. This is the second subject of this book.