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１问题提出人类直觉判断的结果与规范决策理论的优化方案之间存在着什么系统差别？这一直是行为决策研究的焦点之一。工程学倾向（ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＯｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ）的研究过于强调行为目标的确定性，往往把人的行为与最优方案之间的差别用人类的错误来解释（Ｅ
1 What are the systematic differences between the results of human intuition judgments and the optimal solutions of normative decision theory? This has always been one of the focuses of behavioral decision making. The study of engineering orientation emphasizes the certainty of behavioral goals and often interprets the difference between human behavior and the optimal solution with human error (E