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This paper analyzes the urban spatial structure of Tarim River Basin from the perspectives of urbanization,urban density,grading scales and spatial evolution patterns,using geographical theories and methods.such as fractal theory,principle component analysis,urbanization imbalance index,urban scale imbalance indicator,and urban spatial interaction.The results show that the urban spatial structure displays balanced distribution in the overall pattern,while an imbalanced distribution in each region.The development of town pattern tends to be gathering to the central towns in the oasis of Tarim River Basin and a development axis has begun to form along the southern Xinjiang railway.Based on the division of urban hinterland,and the development characteristics of oasis economy,this paper puts forward an urban spatial organization model.This model uses"breakpoint model"and divides Tarim River Basin into five urban clusters:Korla urban cluster,Kuqa urban cluster,Aksu urban cluster,Kashgar urban cluster and Hotan urban cluster.As a conclusion.this article puts forward an overall framework of urban spatial organization in Tarim River Basin:"one axis,double core,and five groups".