论文部分内容阅读
目的研究美国国家环境保护署(USEPA)吸入风险评估模型在造纸、化工和电镀等行业应用的适用性和可行性。方法以造纸、化工和电镀行业的11家企业为研究对象,应用该模型对各企业重点岗位进行风险评估。计算非致癌效应风险值和致癌风险值,判定化学物所致职业健康风险水平,并与职业接触限值、职业病危害作业分级和文献比较。结果造纸行业接触硫化氢导致鼻嗅黏膜病变的危害商数为36.3;化工行业有机硅合成企业一氯甲烷合成岗位接触氯化氢所致鼻咽、气管黏膜增生的危害商数为8.2,氯甲烷所致小脑病变危害商数为1.4;农药厂离心、投料岗位接触氨所致肺功能下降或呼吸道疾病症状加重的危害商数分别为1.5和1.2;化学溶剂厂灌装岗位接触二甲苯所致运动协调障碍的危害商数为2.4;电镀行业接触氯化氢所致鼻咽、气管黏膜增生的危害商数为2.3~75.3,接触铬酸盐或重铬酸盐所致鼻部损害的危害商数为192.5~25 675。造纸、化工和电镀行业各岗位危害商数均大于1,均判定为高风险水平。电镀行业镀铬岗位接触铬酸盐或重铬酸盐所致肺癌的致癌性风险值为0.001~0.1647,大于10-4,判定为高风险水平。如按中国职业卫生标准评估,仅有1家电镀企业镀铬岗位检出浓度超标,其风险识别效力不及USEPA模型。结论该模型适用于造纸、化工和电镀行业职业病危害风险评估。与中国职业卫生标准相比,它更易识别危险作业岗位。
Objective To study the applicability and feasibility of USEPA inhalation risk assessment model in the papermaking, chemical and electroplating industries. Methods Taking 11 enterprises in the papermaking, chemical and electroplating industries as the research object, this model was used to carry out risk assessment of key positions in each enterprise. Calculate the risk of non-carcinogenic effects and cancer risk values, determine the level of occupational health risks caused by chemicals, and occupational exposure limits, occupational hazards classification and literature comparison. Results In the papermaking industry, exposure to H2S resulted in a 36.3 hazard quotient of nasal olfactory mucosa lesions. The hazard quotient of nasopharyngeal and tracheal hyperplasia caused by exposure to hydrogen chloride in organic synthesis companies in the chemical industry was 8.2, which was caused by methyl chloride Cerebellar lesions harm quotient is 1.4; Pesticide factory centrifuges, feeding posts exposure to ammonia caused by decreased lung function or respiratory disease symptoms aggravate the quotient of 1.5 and 1.2, respectively; chemical solvent filling plant exposure to xylene-induced motor coordination disorders Of the hazard quotient 2.4; electroplating industry exposure to hydrogen chloride induced nasopharyngeal, tracheal mucosal hyperplasia hazard quotient of 2.3 ~ 75.3, exposure to chromate or dichromate-induced damage to the nose of the quotient of 192.5 to 25 675. In the paper, chemical and electroplating industries, the number of hazards in each post is greater than 1, all of which are judged as high risk level. The electroplating industry chrome-plated post exposure to chromate or dichromate-induced lung cancer risk value for the 0.001 ~ 0.1647, greater than 10-4, identified as high-risk level. According to the assessment of occupational health standards in China, only one electroplating company chrome-plated post detected concentrations exceeded its risk identification effectiveness less than the USEPA model. Conclusion This model is suitable for risk assessment of occupational hazards in paper, chemical and electroplating industries. Compared with China’s occupational health standards, it is easier to identify dangerous jobs.