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小額信貸機構產生於20世紀70年代的發展中國家,主要是向中低收入人群和微型企業提供小額度的信貸以及其他金融服務。我國改革開放以前就存在信用社等專業的小額貸款機構,20世紀末一些非政府組織也開始經營小額信貸,2005年經中國人民銀行批准開始成立「只貸不存」的小額貸款公司,2007年以後村鎮銀行、資金互助社等小額貸款機構也開始出現。小額貸款機構的發展爲解決我國中小微企業和家庭的資金融通發揮了重要作用,但在其功能定位和監管上也還存在嚴重的問題。因此,有必要在充分認識我國小額貸款機構現狀的基礎上,對其功能定位和監管的完善進行認真研究。
Microfinance institutions originated in the 1970s in developing countries, mainly to provide small-sum credits and other financial services to low- and middle-income groups and micro-enterprises. Before the reform and opening up, there existed credit card companies and other specialized microfinance institutions. Some non-governmental organizations also started to operate microfinance institutions by the end of the 20th century. In 2005, the PBC approved the establishment of a “microcredit-only” microfinance company with approval from the People’s Bank of China. Since 2007, Small loan institutions such as village and town banks and mutual funds of funds also started to emerge. The development of microfinance institutions has played an important role in solving the financial intermediation of small, medium and micro-sized enterprises and families in our country. However, there are still serious problems in the functional orientation and supervision. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the improvement of its functional orientation and supervision on the basis of fully understanding the current situation of China’s microfinance institutions.