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国家、区域与企业都是社会系统的子系统,只是层级大小不同,都由人口、资源、环境、经济等要素组成。社会系统与一般系统的最大区别在于其目标性,其存在的第一个目标是效用最大化,第二个目标是实现全体成员间的公平。人的自身效用最大化思维定式使得社会系统对自然环境的影响日益显著。环境危机提醒人类反思经济发展的模式,谋求经济发展的可持续性。中国在国家层面上进行绿色经济转型成为当务之急。发展绿色经济,需要改善GDP构成,建立能够协调生产和环境保护关系的绿色产业体系,谋求经济质量的提高。区域经济系统面对转型压力应着重加大协作力度,破除经济行为主体之间的隔阂,提升区域创新能力,发展产业集群。企业层面的经济转型则需要强化企业创新能力,从“中国制造”向“中国创造”转变。
Countries, regions and enterprises are all subsystems of the social system, with different levels and different sizes. They consist of population, resources, environment and economy. The biggest difference between the social system and the general system lies in its goal. The first goal of existence is to maximize its utility, and the second goal is to achieve fairness among all its members. The maximization of human’s own thinking makes the influence of social system on the natural environment more and more obvious. The environmental crisis reminded people to reflect on the mode of economic development and seek for the sustainability of economic development. China’s transition to a green economy at the national level has become a top priority. To develop a green economy, we need to improve the composition of GDP, establish a green industrial system that can coordinate the relations between production and environmental protection, and seek improvement in economic quality. In the face of the pressure of transformation, the regional economic system should focus on increasing cooperation, breaking the barriers between economic actors, enhancing regional innovation capability and developing industrial clusters. At the enterprise level, the economic transformation needs to strengthen the innovation capability of enterprises and change from “Made in China” to “Made in China”.