健康不仅是没有疾病,而且应是身体的、精神的健康和社会幸福的完美状态。健康是基本人权,达到尽可能的健康水平,是世界范围内一项重要的社会性目标。健康又是各种因素(如经济、文化、民族习惯、宗教、卫生服务等)共同作用的结果。其中,卫生服务作为影响健康的一个非常重要的方面,受到各国政府和研究人员的重视。由于人群存在着性别、年龄、不同种族、社会经济地位的差别及城乡差别,健康和卫生保健上的社会鸿沟非常大,而不客观的健康和卫生保健的评价往往掩盖了不同人群之间的健康不公平问题,或即使不公平问题出现后也不能导致正确的政策。“公平(Equity)”即公正(Fairness),意味着人们的需要,人人幸福安康的机会相等,而不是社会特权。公平(Equity)不等于平等(Equality),它意味着生存机会的分配 Health is not only a disease, but also a perfect state of physical, mental health and social well-being. Health is a basic human right, and it is an important social goal in the world to achieve the highest possible level of health. Health is also a result of the combined effects of various factors (such as economy, culture, ethnic customs, religion, and health services). Among them, health service as a very important aspect affecting health has been valued by governments and researchers. Due to differences in gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and differences between urban and rural areas, the social divide in health and health care is very large, and unobjective health and health care assessments often mask the health of different populations. Unfair problems, or even inequitable problems, cannot lead to correct policies. “Equity” means fairness, which means people’s needs. Everyone has equal opportunities for happiness and well-being, not social privileges. Equity is not equal to equality, it means the distribution of chances of survival