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经济史的研究表明,区域发展不只是一个现代经济社会才存在的问题,在传统社会经济条件下,区域发展不仅存在,而且还是一个大国主要的发展路径和特点,只是在不同的技术、制度、生产力条件下,彼此具有不同的内容以及不同的实现形式。大国经济发展必然以区域发展为其主要路径和特点,是因为区域之所以成为区域,是由于其具有不同的自然资源禀赋。资源禀赋是区域发展的基础,也是地区分工的基础,而这一分工的结果就是具有经济增长极意义的经济支柱产业的形成。本文即以明清时期上海地区为例,讨论传统社会经济条件下,区域发展与经济支柱产业的关系。明清时期,以农村、市镇家庭为基本生产单位的手工棉纺织逐渐成为上海地区经济中最重要的支柱产业。其主要标志一是其从业人员在地区就业中的作用;二是其生产的规模;三是其产品的运销范围;四是该产业对市镇经济的推动。而以上海为基地的沙船运输在清嘉庆、道光年间也发展至极盛,不仅连接了南洋和北洋、内贸与外贸,而且还连接了生产和流通,成为当时社会经济中又一大支柱产业,并且最终促进了上海作为南北洋贸易口岸地位的形成。手工棉纺织以及沙船运输之所以成为明清时期上海地区的支柱产业,一是因为其规模以及对资源禀赋的实现;二是因为其时上下游产业链的影响;三是其作为经济增长极在区域发展中的总体地位和作用。也正因为如此,两大支柱产业才最终形成对区域经济发展的巨大推动。明清上海地区以手工棉纺织以及沙船运输两大经济支柱产业为支撑,促进区域发展的事例说明,即使在传统社会中,区域发展亦必须以与资源禀赋相适应的支柱产业为基础,这即使是在建设国际金融中心和航运中心的今天,也是值得我们认真加以回味和思考的。
The study of economic history shows that regional development is not only a problem existing in modern economy and society. Under the traditional social and economic conditions, regional development not only exists, but also is the major development path and characteristic of a big power. It is only based on different technologies, systems, Productivity conditions, each with different content and different forms of realization. The economic development of a large country necessarily takes the development of the region as its main path and characteristic because the region becomes a region because of its different natural resource endowments. Resource endowment is the basis of regional development and also the basis of regional division of labor. The result of this division of labor is the formation of an economic pillar industry with a great significance for economic growth. This article takes Shanghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example to discuss the relationship between regional development and economic pillar industries under the traditional social and economic conditions. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the handmade cotton textile with rural and town families as the basic production units gradually became the most important pillar industry in Shanghai’s economy. The main sign is the employment of its employees in the area of employment role; the second is the scale of its production; third is the scope of its products marketing; Fourth, the industry to promote the economy of the towns. The transportation of sand boats based in Shanghai also developed extremely rapidly during Qing dynasty and Daoguang period. They not only connected the Nanyang and Northern seas, domestic trade and foreign trade, but also connected production and circulation and became another major pillar industry in the social economy. And eventually promoted the formation of Shanghai as a trading port of the North-South Sea. The reason why hand-woven cotton and sand-boat transportation became the pillar industries in Shanghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was because of their scale and the realization of resource endowments. Second, because of the influence of upstream and downstream industry chains at that time. Third, The overall status and role of regional development. Precisely because of this, the two pillar industries finally formed a huge impetus to the development of regional economy. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shanghai was supported by two major economic pillar industries, namely hand-woven cotton and sand transport, to promote regional development. Even in traditional society, regional development must be based on pillar industries compatible with resource endowments. Even if Today is the time to build an international financial center and shipping center, and it is worth our serious aftertaste and consideration.