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一、动词不定式
动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成的，在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以充当除谓语以外的其他任何成分。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+to+动词原形”。
To master a foreign language is not easy.
掌握一门外语是不容易的。
People are not allowed to smoke in the reading-room.
人们不被允许在阅览室里吸烟。
注意以下两种不定式：
1.带疑问词的不定式
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。
Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。
I don’t know when to begin. 我不知道什么时候开始。
Can you tell me where to get the battery?
你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？
Do you know how to get to the station? 你知道怎样去车站吗？
2.带逻辑主语的不定式
动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是：for/of+逻辑主语+不定式。不定式的逻辑主语是通过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语表示主语的性质或特征时（如 good, nice, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等），我们使用of；其他的使用for。请看例句：
It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。
It is generous of you to stay us for the night.
难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。
It is great honor for us to attend this rally.
我们很荣幸参加这个大会。
It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir.
孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。
二、动名词
动名词是由动词原形加-ing构成的，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词的否定形式是“not+动名词”。
Learning from others is important. 向别人学习很重要。
The bird was lucky to escape being shot. 小鸟很幸运，没有被打中。
动名词的几个特殊情况：
1.有些动词只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词只跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的、一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的动作多跟不定式。
能跟动名词的动词有avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can’t help等。
能跟不定式的动词有afford, ask, care, hate, plan, try, attempt, choose, fail, aim, begin, intend, offer等。
能跟动名词和不定式的动词有decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。
He is considering changing a job. 他在考虑换一份工作。
I had meant to see you last night, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天晚上本来想去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。
2.remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
Don’t forget to write to me when you get there.
到了那儿别忘了给我写信。
I remember meeting him in the street.
我记得在街上见过他。
3.“stop+动名词”表示停止做某事，“stop+不定式”表示停下来去做某事。
Stop telling lies. 别再说谎了。
Let’s stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。
4.动名词和分词的区别
动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
reading materials阅读材料（动名词）
developing country发展中国家（分词）
a sleeping bag睡袋（动名词）
boiled water开水（分词）
三、分词
分词是由动词加-ing或加-ed构成的，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加-ing。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加-ed。分词的否定形式：not+分词。
This is a novel written by a famous English writer.
这是由一位著名的英国作家写的小说。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.
经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
The little girl was afraid because she noticed a stranger following her.
那个小女孩很害怕，因为她注意到一个陌生人在跟踪她。
注意：have后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。
The old man had his purse stolen. 老人的钱包被偷了。
They have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。
四、非谓语动词的比较
1.动名词和动词不定式
1）一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次性行为。如：
Little Tom liked to be taken to the cinema tonight.
小汤姆今天晚上想被带着去看电影。
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
我喜欢游泳，但是今天不想去。
2）动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。如：
I hate to be sitting idle. 我不想闲坐着。（指自己）
I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards.
我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
3）有些词后既可接动名词也可接动词不定式，但意义不同，如：stop, remember, forget, neglect, dislike, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。如：
I remember paying for the book. 我记得付过书钱了。
Remember to pay for the book. 要记得付书钱。
When the teacher came in, the students stopped reading. （reading是宾语，指停止读这个动作）
当老师进来时，学生们停止了读书。
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to read.（to read是目的状语，指停下来去读）
当老师进来时，学生们停下来开始读书。
2.动名词和现在分词
1）作定语的区别。现在分词往往表示它所修饰的词正在做的动作；动名词往往表示与它所修饰词的用途等。如：
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping（动名词）
a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping（现在分词）
2）作表语的区别。分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征，动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置，分词则不行。如：
The novel is interesting. （现在分词）这小说很有趣。
My job is teaching English.=Teaching English is my job.(动名词）
我的工作是教英语。
3）作状语的区别。分词具有副词特征，可以直接用作状语；动名词具有副词特征，不能单独作状语，只有与介词结合时才能作状语。如：
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station（现在分词作状语）
On seeing his mother, the boy let out a cry of joy.（动名词与介词一起作状语）
3.动词不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作，而分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。如：
Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.
在那时，他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。
Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.
在那时，他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
针对性训练
1. My cousin came to see me from the country, ____ me a full basket
of fresh fruits.
A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought
2. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and
illness ____.
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
3. Isn’t it time you got down to ____ the papers?
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
4. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven still attract
people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performed
5. ____ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
6. ____ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in
low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed
C. To blame D. To be blamed
7. When ____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the
differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
8. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer
carelessly, always ____ the same thing.
A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said
9. I was told that here were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in
the school. most ____ were from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
10. Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It is no use ____
with him.
A. to argue B. arguing C. argued D. having argued
11. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he
was not the one ____.
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
12. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ____ to
ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given
13. After he became conscious, he remembered ____ and ____ on the
head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit
14. AIDS is ____ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in
that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
15. Don’t sit there ____ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
16. It remains ____ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
17. Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ____ the same pay, but Earl had
more ambition.
A. to earn B. to have earned
C. earning D. earned
18. The mother felt herself ____ cold and her hands trembled as she read
the letter from the battlefield.
A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown
19. ____ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club
members.
A. Mailed out B. Mailing out
C. To be mailed out D. Having mailed out
20. ____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents
reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
Key(2)
动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成的，在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以充当除谓语以外的其他任何成分。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+to+动词原形”。
To master a foreign language is not easy.
掌握一门外语是不容易的。
People are not allowed to smoke in the reading-room.
人们不被允许在阅览室里吸烟。
注意以下两种不定式：
1.带疑问词的不定式
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。
Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。
I don’t know when to begin. 我不知道什么时候开始。
Can you tell me where to get the battery?
你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？
Do you know how to get to the station? 你知道怎样去车站吗？
2.带逻辑主语的不定式
动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是：for/of+逻辑主语+不定式。不定式的逻辑主语是通过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语表示主语的性质或特征时（如 good, nice, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等），我们使用of；其他的使用for。请看例句：
It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。
It is generous of you to stay us for the night.
难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。
It is great honor for us to attend this rally.
我们很荣幸参加这个大会。
It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir.
孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。
二、动名词
动名词是由动词原形加-ing构成的，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词的否定形式是“not+动名词”。
Learning from others is important. 向别人学习很重要。
The bird was lucky to escape being shot. 小鸟很幸运，没有被打中。
动名词的几个特殊情况：
1.有些动词只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词只跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的、一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的动作多跟不定式。
能跟动名词的动词有avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can’t help等。
能跟不定式的动词有afford, ask, care, hate, plan, try, attempt, choose, fail, aim, begin, intend, offer等。
能跟动名词和不定式的动词有decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。
He is considering changing a job. 他在考虑换一份工作。
I had meant to see you last night, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天晚上本来想去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。
2.remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
Don’t forget to write to me when you get there.
到了那儿别忘了给我写信。
I remember meeting him in the street.
我记得在街上见过他。
3.“stop+动名词”表示停止做某事，“stop+不定式”表示停下来去做某事。
Stop telling lies. 别再说谎了。
Let’s stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。
4.动名词和分词的区别
动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
reading materials阅读材料（动名词）
developing country发展中国家（分词）
a sleeping bag睡袋（动名词）
boiled water开水（分词）
三、分词
分词是由动词加-ing或加-ed构成的，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加-ing。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加-ed。分词的否定形式：not+分词。
This is a novel written by a famous English writer.
这是由一位著名的英国作家写的小说。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.
经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
The little girl was afraid because she noticed a stranger following her.
那个小女孩很害怕，因为她注意到一个陌生人在跟踪她。
注意：have后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。
The old man had his purse stolen. 老人的钱包被偷了。
They have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。
四、非谓语动词的比较
1.动名词和动词不定式
1）一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次性行为。如：
Little Tom liked to be taken to the cinema tonight.
小汤姆今天晚上想被带着去看电影。
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
我喜欢游泳，但是今天不想去。
2）动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。如：
I hate to be sitting idle. 我不想闲坐着。（指自己）
I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards.
我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
3）有些词后既可接动名词也可接动词不定式，但意义不同，如：stop, remember, forget, neglect, dislike, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。如：
I remember paying for the book. 我记得付过书钱了。
Remember to pay for the book. 要记得付书钱。
When the teacher came in, the students stopped reading. （reading是宾语，指停止读这个动作）
当老师进来时，学生们停止了读书。
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to read.（to read是目的状语，指停下来去读）
当老师进来时，学生们停下来开始读书。
2.动名词和现在分词
1）作定语的区别。现在分词往往表示它所修饰的词正在做的动作；动名词往往表示与它所修饰词的用途等。如：
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping（动名词）
a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping（现在分词）
2）作表语的区别。分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征，动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置，分词则不行。如：
The novel is interesting. （现在分词）这小说很有趣。
My job is teaching English.=Teaching English is my job.(动名词）
我的工作是教英语。
3）作状语的区别。分词具有副词特征，可以直接用作状语；动名词具有副词特征，不能单独作状语，只有与介词结合时才能作状语。如：
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station（现在分词作状语）
On seeing his mother, the boy let out a cry of joy.（动名词与介词一起作状语）
3.动词不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作，而分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。如：
Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.
在那时，他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。
Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.
在那时，他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
针对性训练
1. My cousin came to see me from the country, ____ me a full basket
of fresh fruits.
A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought
2. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and
illness ____.
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
3. Isn’t it time you got down to ____ the papers?
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
4. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven still attract
people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performed
5. ____ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
6. ____ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in
low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed
C. To blame D. To be blamed
7. When ____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the
differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
8. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer
carelessly, always ____ the same thing.
A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said
9. I was told that here were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in
the school. most ____ were from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
10. Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It is no use ____
with him.
A. to argue B. arguing C. argued D. having argued
11. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he
was not the one ____.
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
12. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ____ to
ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given
13. After he became conscious, he remembered ____ and ____ on the
head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit
14. AIDS is ____ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in
that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
15. Don’t sit there ____ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
16. It remains ____ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
17. Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ____ the same pay, but Earl had
more ambition.
A. to earn B. to have earned
C. earning D. earned
18. The mother felt herself ____ cold and her hands trembled as she read
the letter from the battlefield.
A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown
19. ____ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club
members.
A. Mailed out B. Mailing out
C. To be mailed out D. Having mailed out
20. ____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents
reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
Key(2)