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皮克林从高能物理学史个案研究,提出科学发展中的“共生”与“机会主义”两个重要概念:宏观上看,实验传统与理论传统呈现相互加强、共同促进的“共生”现象;微观上看,个体科学家处于特定的历史情景中——特有的文化资源、熟悉的研究传统、偶然出现的新生长点等。他(她)若能抓住机遇,利用自身特有的资源投入到新的研究传统中,则能实现认识的转换。范式的转换并不像库恩的“格式塔”式的神秘性,也没有危机与混乱,而是自然平滑地实现。
From the case study of the history of high-energy physics, Pickering proposed two important concepts of “symbiotic” and “opportunism” in scientific development: from the macroscopic point of view, experimental traditions and theoretical traditions reinforce each other and promote together. At the micro level, individual scientists are in specific historical situations - unique cultural resources, familiar research traditions, new growth points occasionally emerged, and so on. If he or she can seize the opportunity and devote his unique resources into the new research tradition, he or she can realize the conversion of cognition. The paradigm shift is not like Kuhn’s “Gestalt” mystery, nor is it crises and chaos, but naturally and smoothly.