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霍布斯继法朗西斯·培根之后,发展了必然与自由的学说.他肯定物质是唯一的实体,物质的生灭变化是哲学与科学研究的前提.物体的运动是受其他物体作用的结果,即使是人有目的的活动,也脱离不开各种利益的支配.所以,物体的生又变化都是外部作用的结果,要认识自然运动的必然性,就必须根据物体的因果联系去逐步探索.人们必须遵循物体运动的必然性,才能控制并利用自然.在人能够认识和控制客观必然性的范围内,才有自由与意志,所以,必然与自由又是可以相容的.霍布斯还将必然与自由的概念,具体应用到国家理论中,创立了国家起源的契约论.
After Hobbes, Francis Bacon developed the doctrine of necessity and freedom.He affirmed that material is the only entity, material changes in birth and death is the premise of philosophy and scientific research.Object movement is subject to the results of other objects , Even if it is a human-oriented activity, it is also separated from the domination of various interests, so both the birth and the return of the objects are the result of external functions. To understand the inevitability of the natural movement, we must gradually explore the causal linkages of the objects People must follow the inevitability of the movement of objects to control and use nature.With people being able to recognize and control objective inevitability, they have freedom and will, so they must be compatible with freedom.However, Hobbes will The concept of necessity and freedom, specifically applied to the theory of the state, created the contract theory of state origin.