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This paper uses monthly data to examine the autonomy and effectiveness of monetary policy in China under the de facto fixed exchange rate arrangement in place from 1998 to 2005. The results obtained from Granger causality tests in a vector autoregresslon framework indicate that: (i) China actually conducted independent monetary policy during the fired exchange rate period; and (ii) market-oriented policy measures are impotent in influencing real output and prices. The framework of the investigation into the autonomy of monetary policy adapts to the Chinese economic condition that primary loan and deposit rates are set by the central bank. Based on the empirical results, the present paper provides altative strategies to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including developing the financial system and solidifying microeconoraic fundamentals instead of forcing the adaptation of a more flexible exchange rate regime.