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定语从句是中学阶段一个重要的语法项目,是同学们学习的难点,也是高考的考查热点｡而命题点则主要涉及到关系代词或关系副词的选择｡为了帮助同学们学习,本文拟就定语从句的命题角度作一归纳, 以期提高同学们的应考能力｡
一､ 考查as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
as与which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,且都可代表整个主句或主句的一部分,一般可通用,但下面几种情况不可通用:
1) as从句置于句首时,as不能用which替换｡
2) which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在意义上多为并列关系,常表示“这一点”｡as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,从意义上看到更像宾语从句或主语从句｡ 常见的结构有: as is known, as is said / reported / announced / expected, as is often the case(情况经常这样)等｡
试题演练:
1. The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津卷)
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. as
2. ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (2004 江苏)
A. Which
B. When
C. What
D. As
3. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. (2004 浙江)
A. when
B. where
C. what
D. which
点拨: 1. D｡as引导非限制性定语从句代表The Beatles came from Liverpool.这整个句子;2. D｡3. D｡which在从句中作介词about的宾语,先行词为that evening.
二､ 考查where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句
1) where引导定语从句时,是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前有表地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词｡例如:
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
2) where引导状语从句时,是从属连词,where引导的从句修饰谓语动词,where前没有表地点的先行词｡例如:
Make a mark where you have any questions.
3) 有些情况下,where引导的定语从句可转为where引导的地点状语从句｡例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (定语从句)
A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. (状语从句)
试题演练:
1. If you are traveling ______ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (2006 天津卷)
A. in which
B. what
C. when
D. where
2. We’re just trying to reach a point______both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东卷)
A. where
B. that
C. when
D. which
3. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
(2004 湖南)
A. how
B. which
C. where
D. that
4. A fast food restaurant is the place, just the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. (2004上海)
A. which
B. where
C. there
D. what
5. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. (2004四川)
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. that
点拨: 1. D｡where引导地点状语从句｡2. A｡where引导定语从句,修饰point(程度)｡3. C｡先行词 business在此表示“企业”,where引导定语从句｡4. B｡本题要排除插入语just the name suggests的干扰, where引导定语从句修饰the place｡5. A｡where引导定语从句修饰trousers,整句意为: 在她裤子擦手的地方有弄脏的痕迹｡
三､ 考查as引导的限制性定语从句
1) 在such之后的关系代词常用as｡
Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.认识汤姆的妇女都认为他有魅力｡
2) 比较the same ... as和the same ... that: 前者一般表示同类,后者一般表同一｡
He was wearing the same shirt as I’d had on the day before.他穿的衬衫和我头一天穿的是一样的｡
He was wearing the same shirt that
I’d had on the day before.他穿的衬衫和我头一天穿的是同一件｡
3) 比较so / such ... as和such ... that: 前者引导的是定语从句,as须作主语､宾语､表语等;后者引导的是结果状语从句,that不作成分｡
试题演练:
1) These houses are sold at such a low price ______ people expecte
D. (2000上海)
A. like
B. as
C. that
D. which
2) They will meet at the same place they met last week.
A. where
B. which
C. as
D. what
3) Oh, the bag! Thank you very much, sir. This is the same bag ______ I lost the other day.
A. as
B. which
C. like
D. that
4) Don’t do such things ______ you are not sure about
A. than
B. which
C. as
D. that
点拨: 1. B｡as在此引导定语从句,在从句中作expected的宾语,其前有such的暗示｡2. A｡因为从句结构完整,不缺主语或宾语,而缺状语,故用where不用as｡3. D｡表示同一物｡4. C｡as在从句中作about的宾语｡
四､ 考查关系词的选用:
如果定语从句缺主语或宾语,无论先行词是表时间､地点､原因､还是方式,关系词一律用that或which｡如果定语从句中不缺主语或宾语,而是缺状语,先行词表示时间的则用when或介词 + which;先行词表示地点的用where或介词+which;先行词是reason,则用why或for which;先行词是way用that或in which或不用关系词｡
试题演练:
1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that
B. while
C. which
D. when
2. Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春)
A. he explained
B. what he explained
C. how he explained
D. why he explained
3. What surprised me most was not what he said but ______ he said it. (2004湖北)
A. the way
B. in the way that
C. in the way
D. the way which
点拨: 1. D｡when的先行词为an exciting moment｡2. A｡在the reason后面省略了that / which, 引导词在从句中作宾语｡3. A｡根据but所并列的成分,排除B和C｡the way后面省略了that / in which.
五､ 考查“限定词+of which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
限定词some, any, none, all, both, half, each, either, neither, several, enough, many及(a) few, (a) little等都可以与of which或of whom连用,引导非限制性定语从句｡实际上,关系代词which/whom指代的就是前面提到的名词短语即先行词｡这种从句看来像并列句,所以不少同学就把它当并列句来对待而造成答题出错｡
试题演练:
1. I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen. (2005全国卷Ⅱ)
A. of them
B. from which
C. who of
D. of whom
2. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______ five are mine. (2004甘肃卷)
A. on which
B. in which
C. of which
D. from which
3. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ______ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004广西卷)
A. of which
B. during which
C. from which
D. for which
点拨: 1. D｡of whom some=some of whom = and some of them｡2. C｡其中of which five = five of which｡3. A｡of which=and of nine month｡句意为:这位老水手的这次环球旅行历时九个月,其中有226天是航行时间｡
六､ 考查只用which不用that的场合
1) 关系代词前有介词时｡
2) 引导非限制性定语从句时｡
3) 先行词指职业而非指人时｡
试题演练:
1. Her sister has become a lawyer,she wanted to be. (2005湖北卷)
A. who
B. that
C. what
D. which
2. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ______ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union. (2005重庆卷)
A. during which time
B. for which time
C. during whose time
D. by that time
3. He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge. (2005山东卷)
A. from which
B. after that
C. after which
D. from this
点拨: 1. D｡先行词a lawyer为一职业,用which引导｡2. A｡during which time = and during that time｡3. C｡after which = and after that.
七､ 考查whose引导的定语从句
whose引导定语从句,其在从句中作定语,可以指人,也可以指物｡例如:
He lives in a house, whose window faces the south.他住在窗户朝南的房子里｡
其中whose window = the window of which = of which the window.
试题演练:
1. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ______ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津卷)
A. that
B. whose
C. those
D. what
2. George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京卷)
A. the real name
B. what his real name
C. his real name
D. whose real name
点拨: 1. B｡ 2. D｡whose real name= and his real name.
综上所述,对定语从句的考查,从题型或形式上看,常常反映在单项填空､完形填空及短文改错上;从命题的角度及内容上常涉及到以上七个方面｡因此,看准定语从句的命题角度,分析掌握好解题思路是学好定语从句的关键｡
一､ 考查as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
as与which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,且都可代表整个主句或主句的一部分,一般可通用,但下面几种情况不可通用:
1) as从句置于句首时,as不能用which替换｡
2) which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在意义上多为并列关系,常表示“这一点”｡as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,从意义上看到更像宾语从句或主语从句｡ 常见的结构有: as is known, as is said / reported / announced / expected, as is often the case(情况经常这样)等｡
试题演练:
1. The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津卷)
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. as
2. ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (2004 江苏)
A. Which
B. When
C. What
D. As
3. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. (2004 浙江)
A. when
B. where
C. what
D. which
点拨: 1. D｡as引导非限制性定语从句代表The Beatles came from Liverpool.这整个句子;2. D｡3. D｡which在从句中作介词about的宾语,先行词为that evening.
二､ 考查where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句
1) where引导定语从句时,是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前有表地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词｡例如:
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
2) where引导状语从句时,是从属连词,where引导的从句修饰谓语动词,where前没有表地点的先行词｡例如:
Make a mark where you have any questions.
3) 有些情况下,where引导的定语从句可转为where引导的地点状语从句｡例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (定语从句)
A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. (状语从句)
试题演练:
1. If you are traveling ______ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (2006 天津卷)
A. in which
B. what
C. when
D. where
2. We’re just trying to reach a point______both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东卷)
A. where
B. that
C. when
D. which
3. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
(2004 湖南)
A. how
B. which
C. where
D. that
4. A fast food restaurant is the place, just the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. (2004上海)
A. which
B. where
C. there
D. what
5. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. (2004四川)
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. that
点拨: 1. D｡where引导地点状语从句｡2. A｡where引导定语从句,修饰point(程度)｡3. C｡先行词 business在此表示“企业”,where引导定语从句｡4. B｡本题要排除插入语just the name suggests的干扰, where引导定语从句修饰the place｡5. A｡where引导定语从句修饰trousers,整句意为: 在她裤子擦手的地方有弄脏的痕迹｡
三､ 考查as引导的限制性定语从句
1) 在such之后的关系代词常用as｡
Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.认识汤姆的妇女都认为他有魅力｡
2) 比较the same ... as和the same ... that: 前者一般表示同类,后者一般表同一｡
He was wearing the same shirt as I’d had on the day before.他穿的衬衫和我头一天穿的是一样的｡
He was wearing the same shirt that
I’d had on the day before.他穿的衬衫和我头一天穿的是同一件｡
3) 比较so / such ... as和such ... that: 前者引导的是定语从句,as须作主语､宾语､表语等;后者引导的是结果状语从句,that不作成分｡
试题演练:
1) These houses are sold at such a low price ______ people expecte
D. (2000上海)
A. like
B. as
C. that
D. which
2) They will meet at the same place they met last week.
A. where
B. which
C. as
D. what
3) Oh, the bag! Thank you very much, sir. This is the same bag ______ I lost the other day.
A. as
B. which
C. like
D. that
4) Don’t do such things ______ you are not sure about
A. than
B. which
C. as
D. that
点拨: 1. B｡as在此引导定语从句,在从句中作expected的宾语,其前有such的暗示｡2. A｡因为从句结构完整,不缺主语或宾语,而缺状语,故用where不用as｡3. D｡表示同一物｡4. C｡as在从句中作about的宾语｡
四､ 考查关系词的选用:
如果定语从句缺主语或宾语,无论先行词是表时间､地点､原因､还是方式,关系词一律用that或which｡如果定语从句中不缺主语或宾语,而是缺状语,先行词表示时间的则用when或介词 + which;先行词表示地点的用where或介词+which;先行词是reason,则用why或for which;先行词是way用that或in which或不用关系词｡
试题演练:
1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that
B. while
C. which
D. when
2. Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春)
A. he explained
B. what he explained
C. how he explained
D. why he explained
3. What surprised me most was not what he said but ______ he said it. (2004湖北)
A. the way
B. in the way that
C. in the way
D. the way which
点拨: 1. D｡when的先行词为an exciting moment｡2. A｡在the reason后面省略了that / which, 引导词在从句中作宾语｡3. A｡根据but所并列的成分,排除B和C｡the way后面省略了that / in which.
五､ 考查“限定词+of which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
限定词some, any, none, all, both, half, each, either, neither, several, enough, many及(a) few, (a) little等都可以与of which或of whom连用,引导非限制性定语从句｡实际上,关系代词which/whom指代的就是前面提到的名词短语即先行词｡这种从句看来像并列句,所以不少同学就把它当并列句来对待而造成答题出错｡
试题演练:
1. I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen. (2005全国卷Ⅱ)
A. of them
B. from which
C. who of
D. of whom
2. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______ five are mine. (2004甘肃卷)
A. on which
B. in which
C. of which
D. from which
3. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ______ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004广西卷)
A. of which
B. during which
C. from which
D. for which
点拨: 1. D｡of whom some=some of whom = and some of them｡2. C｡其中of which five = five of which｡3. A｡of which=and of nine month｡句意为:这位老水手的这次环球旅行历时九个月,其中有226天是航行时间｡
六､ 考查只用which不用that的场合
1) 关系代词前有介词时｡
2) 引导非限制性定语从句时｡
3) 先行词指职业而非指人时｡
试题演练:
1. Her sister has become a lawyer,she wanted to be. (2005湖北卷)
A. who
B. that
C. what
D. which
2. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ______ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union. (2005重庆卷)
A. during which time
B. for which time
C. during whose time
D. by that time
3. He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge. (2005山东卷)
A. from which
B. after that
C. after which
D. from this
点拨: 1. D｡先行词a lawyer为一职业,用which引导｡2. A｡during which time = and during that time｡3. C｡after which = and after that.
七､ 考查whose引导的定语从句
whose引导定语从句,其在从句中作定语,可以指人,也可以指物｡例如:
He lives in a house, whose window faces the south.他住在窗户朝南的房子里｡
其中whose window = the window of which = of which the window.
试题演练:
1. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ______ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津卷)
A. that
B. whose
C. those
D. what
2. George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京卷)
A. the real name
B. what his real name
C. his real name
D. whose real name
点拨: 1. B｡ 2. D｡whose real name= and his real name.
综上所述,对定语从句的考查,从题型或形式上看,常常反映在单项填空､完形填空及短文改错上;从命题的角度及内容上常涉及到以上七个方面｡因此,看准定语从句的命题角度,分析掌握好解题思路是学好定语从句的关键｡