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社会发展动力是个人利己动力的制度集合,有效的制度既要依靠激励机制来提供发展动力与合理预期,同时也要通过惩罚机制将个人行为限定在合理界域之内。足够有效的制度惩罚是共同体利益和他人权益的有效防护屏障,但只有在惩罚所引起的害处大于违规所可能得到的好处时才能生效。使用“最大最小”原则,对制度激励与惩罚的成本与收益进行比较分析,可以发现制度惩罚的成本更低且效果更好。一个理想化的最优制度必须是激励与惩罚的充分兼容;一个可以实行的次优制度可以没有激励,但不能没有违规惩罚或责任约束。有效惩罚能使违规人次降至最低规模,将社会总交易成本降至最低,从而具有显著的优化意义。
The power of social development is a collection of systems of individual self-motivation. An effective system must rely on the incentive mechanism to provide impetus for development and reasonable expectations. At the same time, it is also necessary to limit the individual behavior within a reasonable boundary through the punishment mechanism. A sufficiently effective system of punishment is an effective barrier to the protection of the community and the rights of others, but only if the penalties are more harmful than the benefits of the violation. Using the principle of “maximum and minimum”, the comparative analysis of the costs and benefits of institutional incentives and penalties shows that the cost of institutional punishment is lower and the effect is better. An idealized optimal system must be fully compatible with incentives and punishments. A suboptimal system that can be implemented can be motivated without penalty of non-compliance or constraint of responsibility. Effective penalties can reduce the number of violations to the minimum scale, the total social transaction costs to a minimum, which has significant optimization significance.