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定语从句是中学英语学习中的重点,也是难点,其句式几乎分布于高考英语试郑的各个题型。可以说学好定语从句至关重要。如何有效地学习这一内容呢?我认为应特别注意下面四个问题。
一、关系词的选用
大多数定语题考查的都是关系词的选择,如何选准关系词呢?
1.找出先行词,定位关系词。
首先找出先行词观察其指人还是指物,指时音还是指地点;再对关系词进行角色定位——判断所要填的关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分,若作时间关语则用when,作地点状语则用where,作原因状语则用why,作主语而且指人,则用who或that,作主语同时指物则用that或which或省略,若作定语,不论指人还是指物都用whose,但有些固定表达则仍用which,如in which case,in/during which time等。切记不要一见时间就用when,一见地点就用where,一见原因就用why。一定要注意关系词在从句中的角色。请比较下列各句:
(1)I’ll never forget the days_______we worked onthe farm years ago.
I’ll never forget the days_______we spent onthe farm years ago.
(2)Pisa is a city_______stands a leaning tower.
Pisa is a city_____has a leaning tower.
(3)The reason_______he was absent from the meeting was thathis mother fell ill suddenly. The reason________he gave for his absence from the meetingWaS that his mother fell ill suddenly.
(4)The book________cover is mine.
It may rain tomorrow,in_______case I will not go home.
第一组题中,先行词都为时间(the days),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,应用when;而在下句中关系词作宾语,应用which或that或省略。第二组题中,先行词均为地点(city),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,应填WHERE;而在下句中关系词作主语,就填表that或which。第三组题中,先行词都为原因(reason),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作原因状语,应填why;而在下句中关系词作宾语,应填which或that或省略。第四组题中,上句中关系词在定语从句中作定语,应填whose;而在下句中,关系词虽然作定误,但仍用which。
2.留心标点符号,识相别真假定语从句及限制性和非限制性定语从句。比较下列几句:
(1)Mr Wang has three SOnS.All of_____are teachers.
(2)Mr Wang has three sons.all of_____are teachers.
(3)Mr Wang has three sons;a11 of_____are teachers.
(4)Mr Wang has three sons;all of______teachers.
(5)Dinner starts with a small dish,______is called astarter. (6)Our meal started with a small dish______is called beancurd.
第一题中,前一句后面是句号,后句是一个独立的句子,不是定语从句,谈不上关系词,空格中应填入能作介词of宾语的、代替three sons的代词them。而第二题中用的是逗号,说明句子尚未结束,根据句意可知后面是一个起补充作用的非限制性定语从句,关系词在从句中作宾语且指人,应填whom。第三题中,前一句后面用的是分号,分号起着连词的作用,所以后面同样是一个独立的句子,该用代词them。第四题中,前一部分后面是逗号,后一部分没有动词,说明它根本就不是定语从句,只是一个独立主格结构,故应填代词them。第五题中,dish后面是逗号,后面是一个非限制性定语从句,关系词不可用that,只能用which。第六题中没有逗号,是一个限制性定语从句,关系词作主语且指物,可用that或which。
3.分清as和which。
as和which引导的定语从句都可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分,但二者也有区别。首先,which引导的定语从句只能位于句末,而as引导韵定语从句位置较为灵活,可在句首、句中和句末;其次,as引导的定语从句常有“正如……”之意,如as is often the case(这是常有的事),as we all know(众所周知),as the saying goes(正如常言所说的),as has been expected(正如所估计的);as has been described above(如前所述)等。请看下面两题:
(1)He is always leaving his books about,which makes hismother angry.
He is late again,as is often the ease.
(2)As has been expected,the problem will be discussedat the ,meeting to be held tomorrow.
Our team won the game again,which inspirde every one of us.
二、定语从句中的主谓一致问题
定语从句中,关系词作主语时,应特别注意主谓一致现象。这时,先行词起决定作用,因为关系词所指即为先行同,主谓一致实际上就是先行词和谓语动词的一致。请看下列各题:
(1)I’who_______your friend,will do everything I can to help you.
(2)He is the only one of us who______fond of such things.
(3)He is one of us who_______fond of such things.
第一题中,关系词who所指为I,故应填am。第二题中,先行词为the only one,属单数形式,谓语动词应填is。第三题中,先行词为 us,是复数形式,所以应填are。
三、注意定语从句结构的完整性
定语从句结构的完整性表现在两个方面:一是先行词不可缺,定语从句是用来修饰先行词的,没有先行词的定语从句肯定是错误的、不完整的;二是要避免关系词内容的重复。定语从句中,关系词不只是连接词,从句意看,它就是先行词的内容,因此不能再重复这一内容。这一点往往会被同学们忽视。请看下列各题:
(1)Is this book______you borrowed from the library last Sunday?(that/which/不填/the one)
(2)The factory where he works there is a large one.
(3)This is the company we visited it last Sunday.
(4)There was a time when I hated going to school at that time.
第一题中,定语从句没有先行词,必须补足,否则句子就不完整,所以应填the one。句中关系词作宾语,被省略了。整个句子应该是这样的:Is this hook the one you borrowed from the library last Sunday?第二题中,关系词所指的内容就是in the factory,这一内容不能在从句中再次出现,所以应将there删除。第三题中,作宾语的关系词that/which虽然被省略了,但它指的就是company,因此后面的it也是多余的,应去掉it。第四句中,关系词when的意思就是at that time,若再用当然就重复了,所以应将at that time删除。
四、注意“介词+关系代词”的使用技巧
在定语从句中,为了使前后内容更紧凑,常采用“介词+关系代词”的结构。紧跟在介词后的关系代词(不能省略)通常只有三个:whom/which/whose。关系代词用whom时,先行词必指人,且作宾语;用which时,它行词必指物,且作宾语;用whose时,先行词可指人,也可指物,但它在定语从句中作定语时,它后面必须跟它所修饰的名词。有时,这类定语从句被简化成“介词+关系词+动词不定式”的结构。请看下面各题:
(1)Mr Smith,in______department I worked ten years ago,is a very kind person.
(2)China has lots of is lands,of______Taiwan is the largest.
(3)Can you have found a building in______to start your school,I’d like to come and cover the walls with some bright paints.
第一题中,关系词作定语,肯定填whose。第二题中,关系词作介词of的宾语且指物,应填which。第三题中,关系词作介词for的宾语而且也指物,故也应填which。第四题中,有一个简化了的定语从句,关系词同样指物同时又作宾语,也应填which。
一、关系词的选用
大多数定语题考查的都是关系词的选择,如何选准关系词呢?
1.找出先行词,定位关系词。
首先找出先行词观察其指人还是指物,指时音还是指地点;再对关系词进行角色定位——判断所要填的关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分,若作时间关语则用when,作地点状语则用where,作原因状语则用why,作主语而且指人,则用who或that,作主语同时指物则用that或which或省略,若作定语,不论指人还是指物都用whose,但有些固定表达则仍用which,如in which case,in/during which time等。切记不要一见时间就用when,一见地点就用where,一见原因就用why。一定要注意关系词在从句中的角色。请比较下列各句:
(1)I’ll never forget the days_______we worked onthe farm years ago.
I’ll never forget the days_______we spent onthe farm years ago.
(2)Pisa is a city_______stands a leaning tower.
Pisa is a city_____has a leaning tower.
(3)The reason_______he was absent from the meeting was thathis mother fell ill suddenly. The reason________he gave for his absence from the meetingWaS that his mother fell ill suddenly.
(4)The book________cover is mine.
It may rain tomorrow,in_______case I will not go home.
第一组题中,先行词都为时间(the days),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,应用when;而在下句中关系词作宾语,应用which或that或省略。第二组题中,先行词均为地点(city),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,应填WHERE;而在下句中关系词作主语,就填表that或which。第三组题中,先行词都为原因(reason),但上句中关系词在定语从句中作原因状语,应填why;而在下句中关系词作宾语,应填which或that或省略。第四组题中,上句中关系词在定语从句中作定语,应填whose;而在下句中,关系词虽然作定误,但仍用which。
2.留心标点符号,识相别真假定语从句及限制性和非限制性定语从句。比较下列几句:
(1)Mr Wang has three SOnS.All of_____are teachers.
(2)Mr Wang has three sons.all of_____are teachers.
(3)Mr Wang has three sons;a11 of_____are teachers.
(4)Mr Wang has three sons;all of______teachers.
(5)Dinner starts with a small dish,______is called astarter. (6)Our meal started with a small dish______is called beancurd.
第一题中,前一句后面是句号,后句是一个独立的句子,不是定语从句,谈不上关系词,空格中应填入能作介词of宾语的、代替three sons的代词them。而第二题中用的是逗号,说明句子尚未结束,根据句意可知后面是一个起补充作用的非限制性定语从句,关系词在从句中作宾语且指人,应填whom。第三题中,前一句后面用的是分号,分号起着连词的作用,所以后面同样是一个独立的句子,该用代词them。第四题中,前一部分后面是逗号,后一部分没有动词,说明它根本就不是定语从句,只是一个独立主格结构,故应填代词them。第五题中,dish后面是逗号,后面是一个非限制性定语从句,关系词不可用that,只能用which。第六题中没有逗号,是一个限制性定语从句,关系词作主语且指物,可用that或which。
3.分清as和which。
as和which引导的定语从句都可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分,但二者也有区别。首先,which引导的定语从句只能位于句末,而as引导韵定语从句位置较为灵活,可在句首、句中和句末;其次,as引导的定语从句常有“正如……”之意,如as is often the case(这是常有的事),as we all know(众所周知),as the saying goes(正如常言所说的),as has been expected(正如所估计的);as has been described above(如前所述)等。请看下面两题:
(1)He is always leaving his books about,which makes hismother angry.
He is late again,as is often the ease.
(2)As has been expected,the problem will be discussedat the ,meeting to be held tomorrow.
Our team won the game again,which inspirde every one of us.
二、定语从句中的主谓一致问题
定语从句中,关系词作主语时,应特别注意主谓一致现象。这时,先行词起决定作用,因为关系词所指即为先行同,主谓一致实际上就是先行词和谓语动词的一致。请看下列各题:
(1)I’who_______your friend,will do everything I can to help you.
(2)He is the only one of us who______fond of such things.
(3)He is one of us who_______fond of such things.
第一题中,关系词who所指为I,故应填am。第二题中,先行词为the only one,属单数形式,谓语动词应填is。第三题中,先行词为 us,是复数形式,所以应填are。
三、注意定语从句结构的完整性
定语从句结构的完整性表现在两个方面:一是先行词不可缺,定语从句是用来修饰先行词的,没有先行词的定语从句肯定是错误的、不完整的;二是要避免关系词内容的重复。定语从句中,关系词不只是连接词,从句意看,它就是先行词的内容,因此不能再重复这一内容。这一点往往会被同学们忽视。请看下列各题:
(1)Is this book______you borrowed from the library last Sunday?(that/which/不填/the one)
(2)The factory where he works there is a large one.
(3)This is the company we visited it last Sunday.
(4)There was a time when I hated going to school at that time.
第一题中,定语从句没有先行词,必须补足,否则句子就不完整,所以应填the one。句中关系词作宾语,被省略了。整个句子应该是这样的:Is this hook the one you borrowed from the library last Sunday?第二题中,关系词所指的内容就是in the factory,这一内容不能在从句中再次出现,所以应将there删除。第三题中,作宾语的关系词that/which虽然被省略了,但它指的就是company,因此后面的it也是多余的,应去掉it。第四句中,关系词when的意思就是at that time,若再用当然就重复了,所以应将at that time删除。
四、注意“介词+关系代词”的使用技巧
在定语从句中,为了使前后内容更紧凑,常采用“介词+关系代词”的结构。紧跟在介词后的关系代词(不能省略)通常只有三个:whom/which/whose。关系代词用whom时,先行词必指人,且作宾语;用which时,它行词必指物,且作宾语;用whose时,先行词可指人,也可指物,但它在定语从句中作定语时,它后面必须跟它所修饰的名词。有时,这类定语从句被简化成“介词+关系词+动词不定式”的结构。请看下面各题:
(1)Mr Smith,in______department I worked ten years ago,is a very kind person.
(2)China has lots of is lands,of______Taiwan is the largest.
(3)Can you have found a building in______to start your school,I’d like to come and cover the walls with some bright paints.
第一题中,关系词作定语,肯定填whose。第二题中,关系词作介词of的宾语且指物,应填which。第三题中,关系词作介词for的宾语而且也指物,故也应填which。第四题中,有一个简化了的定语从句,关系词同样指物同时又作宾语,也应填which。