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在清至近代山东地区,随着人口的快速增长,人均耕地不断减少。在技术和制度变革长期停滞不前的情况下,过剩的人口不能有效地向非农业部门转移,农业生产开始走上“内卷化”的道路。“内卷化”具体表现为,生态环境破坏、粮价上升、贫困化加剧、职业结构分化等经济社会紊乱现象就不断加剧。在农业生产“内卷化”惯性的驱动下,大量的贫困的人口四外谋生,最终导致了“闯关东”移民潮的形成和不断扩展。
In the Qing Dynasty to modern Shandong, with the rapid population growth, per capita arable land has been declining. With the long-term stagnation of technological and institutional changes, the excess population can not be effectively transferred to non-agricultural sectors and agricultural production has begun to take a “curl” path. In particular, the phenomenon of economic and social turmoil such as the deterioration of the ecological environment, the rise of grain prices, the aggravating poverty and the structural differentiation of occupations have continued to intensify. Driven by inertia in the “inner volume” of agricultural production, a large number of poor people made living outside the country and eventually led to the formation and continuous expansion of the “immigration wave”.