一、政策工具的概念关于工具概念的最常见的定义是:“一个行动者能够使用或潜在地加以使用,以便达成一个或更多目的的任何事物”。事实上,政策工具既可以界定为一种“客体”(object),也可以界定为一种活动(activity)。一方面,我们可以将工具看作一种客体。例如,在法律文献中,人们往往将法律和行政命令称为工具;另一方面,工具也可以看作是 I. THE CONCEPT OF POLICY TOOL The most common definition of a notion of a tool is: “Anything an actor can use or potentially use to achieve one or more goals.” In fact, policy tools can be defined as either “object” or as an activity. On the one hand, we can think of a tool as an object. For example, in the legal literature, people often refer to legal and administrative orders as tools; on the other hand, tools can also be considered as