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军事司法是指对军事犯罪的惩处,它包括对犯罪的认定、处罚、司法形式和程序等。美军各军兵种的军事司法,都以美国国会颁布的《军事司法统一法典》(也译作《军事审判统一法典》)为依据。美军军事司法由各军种自成体系发展到三军统一的程度,经历了漫长的演变过程。美军军法的形成是与美国的建国、建军历程相联系的。1775年4月19日,北美大陆的英属殖民地人民不堪忍受大不列颠的专制统治,在莱克星敦打响独立战争的第一枪之后,13个州的代表,于同年5月10日在费城召开了第二届大陆会议,决定组成“殖民地联盟”,共同抗击英国的镇压。1776年7月2日,大陆会议通过了“宣布殖民地联盟为自由、独立的国家”的议案。同年7月4日颁布的《独立宣言》第一次使用了“美利坚合众国”的名称。比《独立宣言》酝酿更早的《联邦条款》1778年7月9日经费城会议通过,1781年得到13个州的一致批准,美国第二届政府正式成立。根据独立宣言,各州政府拥有充分的主权,军队也由各州在必要时招慕,并任免上校以下军官。联盟政府机构简单,权力有限,在独立战争期间由于反对共同敌人的需要,因
Military justice refers to the punishment of military crimes, which includes the identification of criminal acts, punishments, judicial forms and procedures. The military justice of the various arms and services of the U.S. armed forces is based on the Uniform Code of Military Justice (also translated as the Unified Military Judicial Code) promulgated by the U.S. Congress. The military justice of the United States has undergone a long evolutionary process from the unification of military service to the unity of the three armed services. The formation of military law in the United States is linked to the course of the founding of the United States and the founding of the military. On April 19, 1775, the British colonial peoples of the North American continent were intolerant of the dictatorship of Great Britain. After the first shot of Lexington’s War of Independence, representatives of 13 states were held in Philadelphia on May 10 of the same year The second mainland conference decided to form a “coalition of colonies” to jointly fight the British repression. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Conference passed the “Declaration of a Colony of Free, Independent Countries”. The Declaration of Independence, promulgated on July 4 of the same year, for the first time, used the name “United States of America.” The “Federal Clause”, which was earlier than the “Declaration of Independence,” was adopted by the Philadelphia Conference on July 9, 1778, was unanimously approved by 13 states in 1781, and the second U.S. government was formally established. According to the Declaration of Independence, the state governments have full sovereignty, and the armed forces are also encouraged by the states when necessary to appoint and remove officers below the colonel. Union government agencies are simple and have limited power. Due to their opposition to common enemies during the War of Independence,