A full life-cycle toxicity test,combined with histology,on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO).The results indicate no sex-specific differences in TBTO toxicity.Long-term mortalities of the copepods exposed to concentrations higher than 20 ng TBTO L-1were significantly elevated compared with that of control,and larval development was inhibited when they were exposed to 40 and 60 ng TBTO L-1.The percentages of ovigerous females were reduced compared with the control(P<0.01)after 24 days exposure to concentrations higher than 10 ng TBTO L-1.Histological examinations suggest that exposure to TBTO might block the posterior end of the diverticula and inhibits the production of egg sacs.A modified Euler-Lotka equation was used to calculate a population-level endpoint,the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rm),from individual life-table endpoints,i.e.mortality rate,time of release of first brood,sex ratio,the fraction of ovigerous females among all females as well as the number of nauplii per ovigerous female.Apart from the highest TBTO concentration(60 ng L-1),where all females aborted their egg sacs,20 ng TBTO L-1was the only concentration that significantly decreased rm compared with that of control(an effect associated with decreased sex ratio).The results show that the S.poplesia is affected by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TBTO.The full life-cycle toxicity test combined with histology experiments provides more integral understanding of the toxicity of endocrine disrupters. A full life-cycle toxicity test, combined with histology, on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis (tributyltin) oxide (TBTO). The results示 no sex-specific differences in TBTO toxicity. Long-term mortalities of the copepods exposed to concentrations higher than 20 ng TBTO L-1 were significantly elevated compared with that of control, and larval development was dressed when they were exposed to 40 and 60 ng TBTO L-1. The percentages of ovigerous females were reduced compared with the control (P <0.01) after 24 days exposure to concentrations higher than 10 ng TBTO L-1. Histological examinations suggest that exposure to TBTO might block the posterior end of the diverticula and inhibits the production of egg sacs. A modified Euler-Lotka equation was used to calculate a population-level endpoint, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), from individual life-table endpoints, iemortality rate, time of release of first brood, sex ratio, the fraction of ovigerous females among all females as well as the number of nauplii per ovigerous female. Part from the highest TBTO concentration (60 ng L-1), where all females aborted their egg sacs, 20 ng TBTO L-1 was the only concentration that significantly decreased rm compared with that of control (an effect associated with decreased sex ratio). The results show that the S.poplesia is affected by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TBTO. The full life-cycle toxicity test combined with histology of trials provides more integral understanding of the toxicity of endocrine disrupters.