Abstract Based on the village level place names in Anhui Province， the formation mechanism and distribution characteristics of place names were discussed from the aspects of culture and nature using thematic maps obtained with the combination of kernel density estimation and mathematical statistics in GIS. The results showed that the place names of villages in Anhui Province are closely related to the local cultural landscape and natural landscape， and are the products of thousands of years of continuous exploration and cultural exchanges by local people. It not only reflects the relationship between place names and Anhui natural landform and cultural landscapes， but also combines them from different perspectives， reflecting the complexity and similarities of the formation of place names.
　　Key words Place name; Village; GIS; Landscape culture; Spatial analysis; Anhui Province
　　Introduction
　　Place names （toponyms， also known as village names） are part of the cultural landscape of each region， reflecting the connection between physical space and human perception. Place names also convey the understanding and interpretation of the space and provide a unique method to study terrain and the cultural heritage of specific areas[1-3]. A place name， as an important element in the broad concept of "geography"， is a way of reflecting geographical features and humanistic information. However， under the impetus of data and visualization， any place name is the outcome from the interactions of nature， history， culture and society. In this way， its naming not only reflects the natural and human characteristics of the specific period of the local area， but also is an important data source for the study of the geographical environment[4-7]. For example， many province names or city names are based on famous mountain ranges or large rivers in the surroundings， such as the "Shandong"， which lies in the east of Taihang Mountain， and "Shanxi"， in the west of Taihang Mountain; "Huaibei" and "Huainan" in Anhui Province with Huaihe River as the boundary. In addition， there are even larger quantities of streets， village names named after human activities in certain regions of clans in certain times in the past， such as "Wangjia Village"， "Sanli Street"， "Tongling City"， "Fanghu Village"，  "Hedong  Village"， and so on. Therefore， the characters used in place names can reflect all aspects of physical geography and social humanities. In this paper， based on the village names in Anhui Province， the various place names and their geographical characteristics were investigated using GIS （Geographic Information System） from the perspectives of semantic and geographical features. Place names are characterized for their major inheritance， small modification and partial changes， and thus the analysis on the Chinese place names in major villages throughout Anhui Province can not only understand the relationship between local landscape place names and the environment， but also reproduce the local cultural history and natural landscape. And it also has important significance for understanding the historical and cultural connotations of Anhui. 　　Data Sources and Research Methods
　　Data sources
　　Using the big data acquisition method and web crawler to grab the GPS geographic information from the massive addresses， this paper queried the natural village and administrative village names of various counties and districts in Anhui Province， which were compared with the county records of Anhui Province to restore the original place names as much as possible. Moreover， corresponding investigation and analysis were made to the changes of some geographical names. In this paper， the investigated villages covered all cities， counties and districts in Anhui Province， a total number of 18 737 village level place names from 16 prefecture level cities， 7 county level cities， 54 counties， and 44 municipal districts， from which the most commonly used characters were selected. Then， the query language was used to determine how many times these characters appeared in each village level. According to the linguistic meanings of these characters （mountain， water， vegetation）， related geodatabase was created， which included the number of phrases for each characters in each village names. By visualizing， the size and density of the landscape place names could be more clearly determined by displaying the distribution probability of the landscape related place names in the thematic map. On this basis， some environmental factors related to the formation of place names in terrain data were extracted to study the correlation between place names and landscapes throughout the province. In addition， calculation was made to the information entropy of all relevant types of place names in each county of Anhui Province， such as water characteristics， vegetation characteristics， and mountain characteristics. Through spatial analysis and statistical analysis， we understood the regularity of the spatial layout of place names in Anhui Province， and drew the main conclusions of the study that place names represented the responses to the cultural landscape and the natural environment， and the distribution of place names was related to the landscape to a certain extent.
　　Research methods
　　Natural language processing of village names
　　ROST CM software was used to perform natural language processing on village name texts for content mining. In the process of processing， the  original  lexicon was fixed. It was necessary to have possible characters in the word segmentation results， and also need to add custom characters in the process of word segmentation for word frequency analysis， so as to carry out the classification statistics and feature analysis of village place names from different sources. 　　Spatial cluster analysis of village names
　　In this paper， kernel density estimation was used to analyze the distribution and regularity of place names in Anhui Province. The so called kernel density estimation was to use the smooth peak function （"kernel"） to fit the observed data points， so as to simulate the distribution curves of the probabilities of all place names. The essence was the first derivative of the distribution function. Firstly， the place names and the coordinates of the points obtained by the statistics of each county were classified and input into Excel， and then the above data was introduced into Arcgis， and the quantitative analysis and clustering research were performed by ArcGIS spatial analysis. The kernel density estimation was as follows：
　　Kernel density estimation， as shown in formula （1）， is a nonparametric method for estimating the probability density function， where x 1， x 2， ... x n are n sample points of independent identically distributed F， and its probability density function is f， then
　　f h（x）=1n∑ni=1k h（x-x i）=1nh∑ni=1k h（x-x ih）（1）
　　k h is a kernel function （non negative， integral of 1， consistent with probability density properties， with the mean value of 0）.
　　Classified Statistics and Characteristics Analysis of Village Names in Anhui
　　Place name statistics
　　In this statistics， a total of 18 837 different natural village and administrative village names were collected in Anhui Province， including a small number of township names and city and county names， which were mainly divided into 2 categories：  human  culture and natural landscape. The human culture category could be further divided into 3 classes， namely， cultural landscape place names for human architecture， religion， military facilities and commercial activities; human historical place names recording the history， surnames and legendary of local residents; cultural concept place names generated from peoples concept， emotion and willingness， which could reflect local peoples desire for a better life. Natural landscapes were mainly divided into regional place names that indicated the geographical location and geographic location， and place names of natural scenery and natural resources which described the landform and animals and plants[12-13]. Table 1 shows the characters and proportions of the major place names categories in Anhui， which indicates that only the place names containing surnames account for more than one fifth of the total. 　　Human cultural place names
　　Human cultural landscape
　　Cultural landscape refers to the landscape that shows through the changes of natural environment after the transformation of nature by human beings， and the place names of various artificial buildings， religious beliefs， commercial activities and military facilities belong to cultural landscape. Place names could be the common airy pavilions and pagodas， houses， wells， markets， and workplaces. As shown in Fig. 1， cultural landscape place names are concentrated in cities， especially north of Huaihe River in Anhui. For example， Hefei has place names such as Sanlijiexiang， Sipailou， and Sanshitou. Apart from this， there are also many other similar names in Anhui. Common place names are named after the pavilion， bridge， archway， workshop， well， and ferry， such as Liangting Village， Guting Village， Gujing Village， Yuting Village， Dajing， Paifang Village， Tuqiao Village， Youyi Bridge， Xinqiao Village， Dukou Village， Yundu Village. In addition， some place names reflect the religious beliefs of local people， which are basically named after shrines， abbeys， temples， churches. Among the collected place names， there are more than 446 place names associated with "temples" （miao in Chinese pinyin）， such as Mingjiao Temple in Hefei， Sansi Village， Zhulinsi Village， Qilimiao Village， Sihou Village， Miaoqian Village， Wenmiao Village， Mingtang Village， Sangangdian Village throughout the whole province， which not only reflect the religious beliefs of local people， but also reflect the local temple positions or the geographical relationships between the villages and the local temples. There are some places named after military facilities， such as Congying Village， Shangying Village， Dongshuiying Village， Taipingying Village， Suocheng Village， Datun Village， Qianjun Village， Xinjun Village. The place names that have the general terms reflecting the workshops （pu in pinyin） and markets （shi in pinyin） mostly shows the local business activities. In Anhui， the place names after workshops are the most. Such kind of place names has their own unique characteristics. First， they are combined with surnames， special buildings and landform， showing local characteristics， such as Youtianpu Village， Majiapu Village， Shipu Village， Shijinpu Village， Duantoupu Village， Shanpu Village， Wayaopu Village in particular. Second， the place names are related to figures， such as Shuangpu， Sanlipu， Silipu， Wupu Village， Shilipu， and Ershilipu and so on. Such place names combine business and distance， and as the location of commercial activities outside the county， they reflect the distance between the ancient place and the county urban area. In addition， this kind of place names are easy to remember， which use characteristic settlements or landform to achieve rapid commercial effects. 　　Human historical place names
　　This kind of the place names mainly record local famous people or the surnames of local celebrities， as well as historical facts and ancient legends of various places. The most important of these are the family names and historical legends. There are various situations in which peoples names are used as place names. For example， in the over 2 000 years of feudal society of China， due to patriarchal system and inconvenient transportation， many local people lived according to their respective surnames and formed villages. Naturally， the main surnames became the place names of such places. Sometimes there were a lot of people in a certain surname， and they would be divided into different family branches according to their status in a family， such as Dafangtou， Dafang Lijia， Erfang Lijia， but most of the place name are named after the major surnames in the village， such as the names like Jiangjiazhai， Zhulangtang， Zengjia Village， Yangjia Village， Hongjiazhai， Lijia Village， Zhangzhuang and Zhangqiao Village. Sometimes， the place names are combined with local landform or landscape vegetation to form more distinctive names， such as Wangjiaba and Yangwan Village on the edge of the Huaihe River， others such as Zhangjiashan， Liujialing， Lijiapo， Zhaojiagou， Wangxi， Wangjialinchang and Shentang Village. All of these place names reflect the local characteristics， so that people can understand the basic situation of the local area as soon as they hear the names， showing the naming characteristics of Anhui village names.
　　Historically famous figures， local legends， famous gods， and other influential local characters are likely to leave their own traces in the local naming process of the place names. Xiaoxian County of Anhui Province originally came from Xiaoguo in the Spring and Autumn Period. Fuliji was the name of the ancient county of Qin State more than 2 000 years ago. Longkang not only expresses peoples respect for Totem Dragon， but also is a county of Western Han Dynasty. Laian， Jieshou， Lixin were originally ancient village names until modern times. In addition， the fairy tales or the totems such as dragons and phoenixes and the names of some famous ancient figures are not uncommon as local place names.
　　Cultural concept place names
　　Cultural concepts reflect peoples willingness and perception of geographic entities and peoples thoughts and ideas. The times are changing， so peoples valuable orientations and ideas are changing. The concepts of these changes are reflected in the names of places that have changed. Ancient emperors liked to sing praises and morals， and universal peace， so they often used their political ideas or moral concepts when naming local places. There are names with words representing political and military achievements like wu （military）， wen （literary）， ping （peace）， ding （settlement）， an （safety）， ning （tranquility）， such as Dingyuan （Anhui）; words showing moral concepts such as ren （benevolence）， yi （righteousness）， xiao （filial piety）， li （etiquette）， such as Renhe Village， Renyi Village， Xiaoyi Village， Zhongxiao Village， Fuli Village， Shangli Village and Lile Village. There are also some village names that contain the emotional will of the local people， which place peoples willingness to bless peace and pray for happiness. According to statistics， in the names of counties and cities in Anhui Province， there are thousands of place names with the words "Futai Ankang" （welfare and healthy）， "Fugui Heping） （rich and peaceful） and "Qingming Xingning" （clear and vigorous）. According to statistics， there are 41 places with the name of "Taiping" （peace） in over 18 000 place names in Anhui. Moreover， there are over 100 place names with the character of "An"， mostly Anhuai， Anhe， Anmin， Anquan， Anding， Antang， Yongan. In addition， there are names such as Ningyuan， Sanhe， Heping， Fulu， Xingfu （happiness）， Fujia， Wenxing， Xingwang， Wuchang， Anle， Guangming and Gaoxing. Most of these place names pin the hopes and aspirations of the local people for tranquility and a better life. 　　Chunyu LIU et al. Spatial Analysis of Rural Landscape Place Names in Anhui Province Based on GIS
　　Place names after natural landscape
　　The place names after natural landscape refer to the names given to the local geographical entities by means of description or narration， including the ancient peoples understanding of the local. In the naming process of place names， such names are very common. According to the meanings， the place names after natural landscape are mainly divided into 3 categories： geographic location and landform， hydrology and natural resources.
　　After geographical location and landform
　　The landform in Anhui Province is complex and diverse. The spatial arrangement of place names is likely to be related to landform. Therefore， the place names related with landscapes （mountains， plains and water） are selected to analyze whether the place names are related to the distribution of landscapes. As shown in Fig.2， the place names related to mountains appears more frequently in the southeastern and southwestern regions， where the altitudes are higher in Anhui. In the meantime， the denser the distribution， the more complex the terrain is， and the relatively small the villages are. The most notable ones in Anhui are the Lianghuai Regions， namely Huainan and Huaibei， which with the Huaihe River as the reference， Huainan is in the south of the Huaihe River and Huaibei in the north. As for the place names related to landform， the most notable thing is that Anhui Province has Dabie Mountains in the west， mountainous areas centered with the Yellow Mountains in the south， large plains centered with the Huaihe River in the north， and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the central part， as well as the Jianghuai hilly area between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Among all place names in Anhui， the ones related with landform are quite common， and there are as many as 2 933 place names with the characters of Xia （gorge）， Keng （pit）， Gou （gully）， Shan （mountain）， Ling （ridge）， Wa （low lying area）， Wu （dock）， Feng （peak）， Gang （hill）， Shi （rock）， Xue （opening）， Dong （cave）， Tai （platform）， Cha （branch）， Kan （bank）， Sha （sand）， Liang （girder）， Gu （valley）， Po （slope）， Ya （cliff）， Bao （fort）， Yu （valley）， accounting for 25.54% of the total statistics. Fenghuang Mountain， Zipeng Mountain and Tianzhu Mountain are vivid description of the local terrain. There are also some place names that indicate the information like geographical distance and area. There is a place name of Shibalipu in Yingshang County， which is is the legacy of the urgent delivery system for sending mail during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are names like Sanshitou， Wushitou， Sanlidian in Hefei， which indicate the distances from the administrative center. 　　Describing local hydrological characteristics
　　Hydrological characteristics are often the basis for the naming of place names. When naming， people observe the depth， speed， and turbidity of water from various angles such as sight and touch before the naming. These place names usually contains the descriptions which can reflect the local hydrological conditions and natural scenery， such as Balihe Village， Shunhe Village， Dingba Village， Wangjiaba Village， Xingdu Village， Yutan Village. As shown in Fig. 3， the place names after water are in concentrated distribution along the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River， as well as their branches， presenting a strip like distribution. On the other hand， the place names related with mountains also very common. The common characters include Jiang （river）， Jing （well）， Ba （dam）， He （river）， Hai （sea）， Chi （pond）， Quan （spring）， Xi （stream）， Tan （pool）， Yu （mudflat）， Du （ferry）， Jian （gully）， Shui （water）， Wan （bay）， Tan （beach）， Cao （trough）， Zhou （islet）， Hu （lake）， Yan （border）， Hui （backwash）， Liu （current）， all of which reflect the hydrological conditions in the ancient times where the locals live， making them the best starting point for understanding local culture.
　　
　　Explaining natural resources
　　Natural resources are closely related to human life， and they are also the objects of peoples concern， so they are also an integral part of place names. The common place names like Shishanling， Longtou Village and Jimingshan indicate the origin of the local names and the similar topographic features. There are also villages named after animals like fish （yu）， lion （shi）， cow （niu）， duck （ya）， sheep （yang）， dragon （long）， phoenix （feng）， cock （ji）， goose （e）， horse （ma）， tiger （hu）， as well as after plants like forest （lin）， maple （feng）， mulberry （sang）， laurel （gui）， lotus （he）， flower （hua）， bamboo （zhu）， pear （li）， locust （huai）， peach （tao）， camellia （cha）， cedar （shan）， and plum （mei）， which reflect the natural resources of the local places at that time[14-15]. In addition， once the underground mineral resources are discovered， they are often used as naming basis. For example， Tongling， Tongguanshan， Tongchuan are places which produce copper， Tieling produces  iron ， Lianghuai regions are rich in coal， and thereby coming the names like Tangouzi， Tanling， which mean that there is definitely a lot of coal there. These names indicate that the names of natural resources are concentrated in the whole province of Anhui， such as Lingjiaotang， Shishanling， Caizihu， Taoyuan Village， Taolin Village， Huangjindong，  Baihuajing， Shanzhuchong， Songbai Village， Baizhutang， Lianhuaping， Songlinwan， Fenglin Village， Zaolinping， Qiucailing， Caotengchong， Jinzhu Village， Huangbaishan， Liyuan Village， Liuqing Village， Xinghua Village， Baima Village， Yabeishan Village， Laohu Village， Shizikou Village and so on. 　　Spatial Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Village Place Names in Anhui Province
　　Formation mechanism of village place names in Anhui
　　The formation of place names is the product of human activities. With the development of human activity regions， these places gradually have fixed names， which are known as the place names. After the place is named， the place is spread in the long term communication with foreign areas. Due to the relative stability， place names then fixed in long term cultural exchanges and human reproduction. The place names in are of course the results of long term integration of nature and culture， which also are closely related with the regional culture of the region and local social development as well as changes in the natural environment. Although the naming characteristics have certain regional characteristics， place names are closely related to the scope of peoples activities. In the 2 categories of place names mentioned above， the village names after natural geographical entities are more stable due to the small changes of long term human activities in these areas. In addition， the investigation on the place names from the perspective of social culture shows that there are a great many place names closely related with the local historical and cultural development and residents lives in contents in Anhui. For example， after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China， a large number of village names with characteristics of the times emerged throughout the country， such as Hongqi Village， Wuxing Village， Gaige Village， Huaqiao Village， and Jiefang Village， all of which are closely related to the times and events at that time.
　　Spatial characteristics and causes of place names after cultural landscape
　　Human cultural place names are inseparable from the production， living and economic activities of local residents. Thus， the related place names can not only objectively reflect the current status of local commerce， agriculture and handicrafts， but also reflect the historical development of the local economy. Place names can reflect the business conditions of a local historical stage， but also record the history of local economic reproduction. For a long time， due to traffic and geographical location， commercial exchanges in different regions mainly relied on manual transportation and mules transportation. Therefore， small hotels and small shops on the transportation road came into being. Over time， with the gathering of popularity， these areas gradually became villages， and the corresponding name of these hotels and shops became the names of the villages， such as Sanlipu， Silipu， Wupu Village， Kefang Village， Aidianzi Village， Zhangjiapupu， Xinpuzi， Maojiapuzi and so on. In addition， after the reform and opening up， factories were set up according to the local resources， such as paper mills， brick kiln factories， and oil mills， and some place names came into being. These various factories， shops， workshops， farmlands， and stores which existed in history reflected the development history of local industries from one aspect. 　　Most of the settlements in the name of surnames are immigrants from different periods. The ancestors of the local people named the villages they were in mainly based on their own surnames in combination with the local landform. With the passage of time， the village names were recognized by the surrounding villages， so the place names after surnames in nowadays came into being. As shown in Fig. 5， the place names related with surnames are mostly concentrated in the northern part of Anhui. The most famous and most common naming method is to start with the last name， plus the character "cun" （village） or the local landscape. Typical examples are Hongjiazhai， Zengjia Village， Lijia Village， Yangjia Village， Zhangqiao Village， Zhangzhuang， Liujialing， Zhangjiashan， Lijiapo， Zhaojiagou， Wangxi， and so on， especially in the northern plains of the the province， where the villages are dotted distributed in the vast plains， which is consistent with the distribution of surnames in the statistics of as high as 20.33%. Therefore， it confirms the inseparable relationship between the village names and the settlements and surnames. At the same time， as time goes by， people are eager to have a better life， and coupled with the occurrence of some natural disasters， some village names have gradually changed. For example， Ningyuan， Heping， Fulu， Wenxing， Wuchang， Xingfu， Fujia， Xiwang， Anle， Sanhe， Guangming and other words appeared in the names of the villages， and these words about the local peoples hunger for happiness and well being gradually became some village names and were handed down.
　　Spatial characteristics and causes of place names after natural landscape
　　Compared with the place names after culture and landscape， which are widely distributed in the northern plains of Anhui Province， the place names after natural landscape are closely related with the geographical location of Anhui in the spatial distribution because of the influences of the natural environment. The place names with mountains and water are most common in natural landscape place names. First， most of the natural landscape place names of Anhui are named after local natural geographical entities， and are concentrated in the western and southern mountainous areas， along the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River， which is consistent with the distribution characteristics of the natural geography of Anhui. Therefore， a natural landscape like place name concentration area has been formed in the western and southern mountainous areas of Anhui and along the banks of the Yangtze River and 　　
　　Huaihe River. As the saying goes， mountains and rivers make no distinction. The waters in Anhui are mainly the 2 rivers of the Yangtze River in central Anhui and the Huaihe River in northern Anhui. The villages named after the natural landscapes of  "mountains  and water" have certain similarities. The villages characterized for their names with "water" are densely covered along the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River， and there are also a large number of place names after landform along the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. Moreover， there are also a lot of village names containing both the water and mountain landscapes like Ganghu， Xichahu， Banshanhu， Shanhu Village， Yanwan Village， Gouxia Village， Shixi Village， Jixi Village， Xiashan Village， Foziling Village， and Qingquanling Village.
　　
　　Conclusion and Discussion
　　Place names are a cultural phenomenon that conveys regional culture and the influences of nature， history， tradition， society and culture. The process of naming and renaming place names is characterized by chance， which means that relying entirely on modern technology may not reflect all the physical truths of place names.Therefore， qualitative analysis on culture is indispensable. In addition， the formation of place names is a historical process that may develop with the change of peoples ideas. As an important carrier of local regional culture and history， the place names hold the history of local development. In this paper， with the help of GIS and statistical analysis， the analysis objectively reflects the natural and cultural characteristics of the village names in Anhui and their interrelationships， which also shows that the village names are carriers of regional culture. The most intuitive expression is that the sources of the place names are not single. In many cases， the place is the result of a combination of factors， such as Wangjiaba and Lijialing， which reflect both the surname culture and local natural conditions; or Meiling， Tongguanshan and Zhuxi Village， which indicate the local natural environment and natural resources. There are also village names after plum blossoms， orchid， bamboo and chrysanthemum， which stand for the noble and unsullied qualities in Chinese traditional culture， which not only give descriptions to the local natural resources， but also bear emotional will， expressing peoples good wishes. There are not only village names like Fanghu VIllage， which have both education and warning implications， but also village names like Baiheshan， Dalong Village， Fenghuangling， which are the auspicious symbols of Chinese traditional totems. These various village names are not only local symbols， but also a continuation of Chinese traditional culture， so we need to study and protect them together. Place names reflect the characteristics of natural geographical landscapes and are important cultural resources and spatial records of past generations. They are obviously related to village landscapes and can be used as the basis for agricultural land planning adjustment. In addition， due to the continuous evolution and replacement of place names， methods such as GIS and mathematical statistics are not  enough.  More local historical data and more detailed and reliable methods are needed to deepen the study on place name culture， so as to promote the protection of place name culture. 　　References
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