本文计算我国民航运输业2001-2009年的行业集中度CR4、HHI指数,得到了其寡头垄断的特征。通过行业规模、盈利能力、经营效率三个指标分析四大航空公司的市场绩效,证实了我国航空运输业存在着高集中度则高绩效的关系。结论是,通过市场选择寡头垄断是实现我国民航业提升竞争力的关键。 This article calculates China’s civil aviation transportation industry concentration in 2001-2009 CR4, HHI index, got its oligopoly characteristics. Through the analysis of the market performance of the four major airlines by the three indexes of industry size, profitability and operational efficiency, it confirms the existence of the high concentration and high performance of the air transport industry in our country. The conclusion is that choosing the oligopoly through the market is the key to realizing the enhancement of the competitiveness of China’s civil aviation industry.