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疫苗是预防病毒性传染病的最有效手段,包括减毒活疫苗、灭活疫苗、核酸疫苗和基因工程疫苗等。减毒活疫苗模拟了病毒的感染过程,能有效诱导机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答,在临床上得到广泛应用。传统的减毒活疫苗一般通过连续传代获得,研发成本高。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)靶向调节是新近发现的宿主调控基因表达的重要手段,具有明确的组织特异性和种属特异性。通过反向遗传学技术能够将特异的宿主miRNA靶向序列有效整合入病毒基因组,从而实现对病毒生物学特征的有效调节,在减毒活疫苗设计与研发领域有着良好的应用前景。该文综述了miRNA靶向介导的减毒策略及其在疫苗设计中的研究进展。
Vaccines are the most effective means of preventing viral infections, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines and genetically engineered vaccines. The live attenuated vaccine mimics the process of virus infection and can effectively induce the body to produce humoral and cellular immune responses and is widely used clinically. Traditional attenuated live vaccines are generally obtained through serial passage, with high research and development costs. Targeted regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is an important means of newly-discovered host-regulated gene expression, with definite tissue-specific and species-specific. Through the reverse genetics technology, the specific host miRNA targeting sequence can be effectively integrated into the viral genome to effectively regulate the biological characteristics of the virus, and has a good application prospect in the field of design and development of live attenuated attenuated vaccines. This article reviews the strategy of miRNA targeting mediated attenuation and its progress in vaccine design.