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在社会史和思想史研究中,侯外庐依据马克思主义的基本理论原则,结合历史资料,通过批判性研究,展现了中国历史的民族性特点,并揭示了当代中国的时代性主题。家族到国家的“早熟”文明起源路径、奴隶主土地国有制和封建土地国有制的盛行和以此为基础建立起来的专制主义制度,表明中国私有财产权不发达、土地私有法权观念和民主观念的缺乏,束缚了资本主义萌芽在中国的成长;思想观念上,文明起源之际先王观念的发达,不同于古代希腊对自然真理的执著追求,唯心主义神学体系作为封建社会的主流哲学思潮,束缚了人们的世界观,而唯物主义思想的发展则备受阻碍。近代中国虽有明末清初的早期启蒙思潮、19世纪末20世纪初的近代启蒙思潮,但中国社会并没有实现根本的转变,当代中国不仅要反对保守落后的封建因素,还要从事现代化的启蒙和建设工作,这主要包括法权观念、科学、自由与民主、辩证唯物主义世界观以及自然观念等的启蒙。
In the research of social history and intellectual history, Hou Wailu, based on the basic theoretical principles of Marxism, combined with historical data and through critical research, showed the national characteristics of Chinese history and revealed the contemporary theme of contemporary China. The origins of the “premature” civilization of family-to-nation, the prevalence of state ownership by slave owners and the state ownership of feudal land, and the absolutism set up on this basis show that China's private property rights are underdeveloped and that the concepts of private ownership of land and The lack of the concept of democracy has restrained the growth of the capitalist sprout in China. In ideology and concept, the development of the concept of kings is different from the ancient Greek pursuit of natural truth. As the mainstream philosophical trend of the idealist theology in feudal society, , Restraining people's world outlook, while the development of materialist thinking is greatly hindered. Despite the early Enlightenment in late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty in modern China and the modern enlightenment tide in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, Chinese society did not realize fundamental change. Contemporary China not only opposed the conservative and backward feudal factors, but also engaged in the enlightenment and modernization of modernization. Construction work, which mainly includes the concept of legal rights, science, freedom and democracy, dialectical materialist world outlook and the enlightenment of the concept of nature.