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民事行为能力欠缺制度的缓和在本质上是对民事行为能力制度的局限性的克服。立法者依据抽象的年龄标准将自然人的意思能力进行了一般固定和类型切分,构建了类型化的民事行为能力制度。并基于消极保护的思想规定了意思能力(行为能力)欠缺者的行为效力,漠视了其所存留的自由意志,湮没了民法的人文精神。对此,各国不得不通过立法、司法等手段来缓和僵硬的行为能力欠缺制度的效力规定。我国现行法对缓和条件的具体列举存在明显缺漏,亟须对两大法系中有代表性的缓和路径展开比较研究。建议未来的中国民法典在完善既有相关规定的基础上,增加日常生活行为条款、营业条款、零花钱条款等具体的行为能力欠缺制度的缓和条件。
The relaxation of the system of civil capacity for lack of ability essentially overcomes the limitations of the system of civil capacity of action. According to the abstract age standard, the legislator divided the meaning ability of natural persons into two types: general type and fixed type, and established a type system of civil capacity for action. Based on the idea of passive protection, the author also stipulates the effect of those who lack the ability of ability (incapacity), disregards the free will of their existence and obliterates the humanistic spirit of civil law. In this regard, all countries have to legislate, judicial and other means to ease the rigid system of incapacity provisions of the system. The current law of our country has obvious omissions in the concrete enumeration of the conditions for easing, and it is urgent to conduct a comparative study on the representative easing paths in the two major legal systems. It is suggested that the future Chinese civil code should, on the basis of perfecting the existing relevant provisions, increase the easing conditions for the specific system of incapacity, such as the terms of daily living, the terms of business and the provision of pocket money.