[目的]了解西北地区农村小学生贫血患病率及其影响因素,为制定有效的防治策略提供科学依据。[方法]选取西北地区3个省26个贫困县的305所农村小学的三至六年级学生作为研究对象,通过随机抽样的方法对学生进行血红蛋白测定以及问卷调查。[结果]西北地区农村小学生贫血患病率高达25.24%,女生与低年级学生是患病率较高的人群。通过多元回归结果显示,学生饮食习惯与家庭情况对学生贫血状况有一定程度的影响。[结论]西北地区农村小学生贫血问题仍很严重,改善饮食条件、平衡膳食,提高校长、班主任及家长对学生贫血的认识以及对学生营养状况与身体健康的重视有助于农村小学生贫血的防治。 [Objective] To understand the prevalence and influencing factors of anemia in rural pupils in Northwest China and provide scientific basis for formulating effective prevention and cure strategies. [Method] The third and sixth graders from 305 rural primary schools in 26 impoverished counties in 3 provinces of Northwest China were selected as research subjects. The students were tested for hemoglobin and questionnaires by random sampling method. [Results] The prevalence of anemia in rural primary school students in Northwest China was as high as 25.24%. Female and lower grades students were the most prevalent. The results of multiple regression showed that students ’eating habits and family conditions had a certain impact on the students’ anemia. [Conclusion] The prevalence of anemia in rural primary school students in Northwest China is still very serious. Improving dietary conditions, balancing diet, raising awareness of headmasters, class supervisors and parents about student anemia, and paying attention to students’ nutritional status and health are conducive to the prevention and treatment of anemia among rural pupils.